Content area
Abstract
This dissertation applies the theories and methodology of a pragmatically oriented linguistics (American-style functionalism and the French "theories de l'enonciation") to French medieval literature. It consists of a close linguistic analysis of Old French texts from various genres (epics, verse and prose romances, hagiography, chronicles), exploring the different ways in which narrators are presented and how point of view is expressed.
The study poses two essential questions regarding narration: Is there a first person speaker/narrator?, and How is the narrator's relation to listener/reader conveyed? This agenda involves looking primarily at personal pronouns in the diegetic portions of the texts. I then examine the narrator's commentary on the story, the extra-textual world and the activity of narration, by analyzing speech acts, tenses, deictics, and "irrealis" markers, and by focusing on explicit references to the act of narration. Third, by analyzing reported speech and thought, I determine how and to what degree the narrator "controls" the discourse of the characters. On the basis of the preceding analyses, used to assess the position of the narrator in the texts, I proceed to identify the--often multiple--point(s) of view through which the content of story worlds is filtered: those of the narrator, characters, or even at times the implied listeners/readers.
By means of the above analyses, this study aims to demonstrate the value of linguistic tools to an understanding of "literary" issues such as narratorial position and point of view. The results also shed light on the issue of genre classification by showing how and why textual genres undergo changes and/or give rise to new genres. My linguistic analysis underlines certain of the specificities of medieval literature, notably that it is a dynamic literature "in the making" and that it is strongly influenced by the orality of the culture that produced it.