Marian Costin NANU,
Universitatea din Craiova
Cuvinte cheie: gimnástica aerobica de întrefinere, efort aerob, pregätire fizicä.
Rezumat
Gimnástica aerobica este o gimnástica de întrejinere a organismului, de tonifiere fizicä si psihicä.
Condusä stiinjific, aceasta prezintä avantaje reale în favoarea întaririi sanataci si în combaterea bolilor.
De asemenea, reprezintä o metodä recunoscutä în lupta împotriva afecjiunilor cardiovasculare, oferind si satisfacjüle unui stil de viaja aerobic.
Introducere
Este recunoscut faptul ca, în perioada licealä, adolescente îsi modifica percepjia de sine, inclusiv schema corporalä, ca expresie a propriei identitäji. Imaginea corporalä capata consistenza, polarizând prezenja tanärului care cauta constant sä-si imbunätäjeascä aceastä imagine.
Gimnástica aerobica de întrejinere are un continui bogat care cuprinde realizarea unor miscäri diferite: pasi de dans, exercijii dinamice din gimnástica de bazä, särituri, stretching, pe o durata de 40-50 minute, cu pauze scurte pentru respiragli sau pauze mai mari pentru relaxare. Prográmele sunt adáptate fiecärei categorii de vârsta, sex, si nivel de pregätire motricä a persoanelor practicante.
Prin practicarea sistematica a gimnasticii se înregistreaza modificali importante la nivelul aparatului locomotor, sistemelor cardio-vascular si respirator, endocrino-metabolic, etc. De asemenea, gimnástica aerobica are o mare importanza în educala spiritualä si emozionala a copiilor si tinerilor, dezvoltând o spontaneitate si naturatele a miscärilor, necesare în viaja de zi cu zi. Având tangenza cu muzica si dansul, contribuie la dezvoltarea gustului artistic si lärgirea orizontului spiritual.
Datoritä conjinutului sau, gimnástica aerobica se poate foiosi ìn leccia de educale fizicä fie în veriga "influenjarea selectiva a aparatului locomotor", fie ca verigä tematica, contribuind la realizarea urmätoarele obiective:
- formarea unor deprinderi de bazä ale gimnasticii aerobice (ìnvajarea pasilor specifici);
- tonifierea si dezvoltarea unor grupe musculare mai slabe;
- dezvoltarea coordonärii;
- inväjarea unor structuri de pasi si executarea lor pe muzicä;
- dezvoltarea sistemului respirator si circulator prin efort fizic susjinut timp de 10-15 minute.
Eficienja utilizarii gimnasticii aerobice ìn ora de educale fizicä este evidenziata si prin faptul cä structurile de exercijii se exécuta frontal, cu toji copii odatä, farà pauze; eie se invada si se corecteazä odatä cu exécuta, având influenza imediatä. Includerea gimnasticii aerobice ìn lecjiile de educale fizicä contribuie la realizarea unei bune densitäji motrice prin excluderea timpilor morCi, iar prin varietatea mijloacelor folosite se urmäreste dezvoltarea combinata a calitäjilor motrice.
Scopul este de a scoate ìn evidenza eficienja aplicärii programelor de gimnástica aerobica la elevii (si mai ales elévele) din ciclul liceal.
Gimnástica aerobica, printr-o desfasurare organizatä, urmäreste sä amelioreze condita fizicä si confortul psihic, sä conduca la objinerea unei stari optime de sänätate. Practicarea sistematica a gimnasticii aerobice dezvoltä capacitatea de a efectúa cu eficienjä deosebitä activitäji zilnice, prevenind aparijia prematura a bolilor. Practicatä in mod répétât, contribuie la dezvoltarea si menjinerea capacitäjilor fimcjionale, la pästrarea structurii organismului si la limitarea deteriorarli acestuia din cauza vârstei si a lipsei de activitate. Efectele benefice ale practicärii sistematice a gimnasticii aerobice sunt la îndemâna oricui, de la vârsta copiläriei pana la bätraneje.
Ipoteza. Folosirea corectä a programelor de gimnástica aerobica, ìn fùnere de nivelul condirei fizice, contribuie la ímbunatajirea capacitagli de efort aerob.
Studiul a avut loc in perioada februarie-mai 2008 la doua licee de prestigiu din Craiova: Colegiul National "Frajii Buzesti" si Colegiul National "Elena Cuza". Activitäjile sau desfasurat de trei ori pe säptämanä, prográmele având o durata de 40-45 minute.
Pe langä datele antropometrice, au fost aplícate testul Harvard, testul Ruffier si au fost calcula^ indicele de refaceré Dorgo si indicele de nutrice Quetelet.
Program mediu de gimnástica aerobica pentru ciclul liceal
* Stand depärtat, mainile pe solduri: aplecarea capului ìnainte si ìnapoi cu usoarä îndoire a genunchilor; acelasi exercijiu cu ìndoirea capului lateral stânga-dreapta - 2x8T;
* Stand: joc de gleznä cu rotäri ale umerilor înainte-înapoi - 2x8T;
* Stand depärtat, brätele lateral: rotäri simultane ale brajelor, pe jos, în plan frontal cu usoarä îndoire a genunchilor - 2x8T;
* Stând: mers pe loc - 2x8T;
* Stând: mers eu deplasare înainte-înapoi (un pas) eu usoarä aplecare a trunchiului spre înainte, brätele se miscä energie pe langä corp - 2x8T.
* Stand, brätele lateral: ridicali pe vârfuri cu rotarea mica a brajelor spre înainte - 2x8T;
* Stand depärtat, mainile pe solduri: trecerea greutäjii de pe un picior pe altul - lx8T; aceeasi ñuscare cu íntinderea brafului opus prin lateral sus - lx8T;
* Stand depärtat, mainile la piept: extensia brajelor si areuire, íntinderea brajelor lateral cu extensie si areuire - 2x8T;
* Stând: pas lateral cu mainile pe umeri, ridicare pe vârfuri cu brätele sus, revenire în depärtat cu mainile pe umeri, revenire ìn stand - 2x8T;
* Stand, mainile pe umeri: alergare cu întinderea brajelor înainte - 2x8T; alergare cu întinderea brajelor lateral - 2x8T;
* Stand: alergare cu genunchii sus - 2x8T;
* Stand depärtat: aplecarea trunchiului înainte cu brätele lateral, îndoirea trunchiului înainte cu brajele jos - 2x8T;
* Stand depärtat, mainile la ceafa: räsucirea trunchiului lateral stânga-dreapta cu întinderea brafului de aceeasi parte lateral, cu îndoirea usoarä a genunchilor - 2x8T;
* Stand mult depärtat: fandäri laterale cu ducerea cotului la piciorul opus - 2x8T;
* Stand mult depärtat, sprijin pe palme înainte: ridicare pe vârturi cu ridicarea bazinului sus, trecere ìnapoi pe calcale - lx8T;
* Stand, mainile pe solduri: säriturä ìn depärtat, säriturä cu încrucisarea picioarelor în pian frontal - 2x8T;
* Stand: särituri pe un picior cu ridicarea alternativa a unui genunchi, cu ducerea cotului la piciorul opus - 2x8T;
* Stand: extensia trunchiului cu brätele sus si arcuire, pas înainte cu piciorul stâng (drept) cu îndoirea trunchiului înainte cu oracele jos - 2x8T;
* Stand, mainile pe solduri: îndoirea genunchilor, revenire cu balansarea alternativa a unui picior lateral - 2x8T;
* Stand depärtat: îndoirea trunchiului lateral stanga (dreapta) - menjinere (la punctul maxim) 10-15 sec;
* Stand depärtat: aplecarea trunchiului înainte cu brätele sus - menjinut 10-15 sec;
* Asezat: extensia trunchiului eu ridicarea brajelor sus si arcuire, îndoirea trunchiului înainte eu brätele înainte si arcuire - 2x8T;
* Asezat sprijinit: îndoirea genunchilor, revenire, depärtarea picioarelor (la 15-20 cm de sol), revenire - 2x8T;
* Asezat sprijinit: ridicarea picioarelor, îndoirea genunchilor, întinderea picioarelor, revenire -2x8T;
* Asezat sprijinit pe antebraje: îndoirea genunchiului lateral stanga (dreapta), revenire, balansarea piciorului stâng (drept) lateral - 2x8T;
* Asezat sprijinit pe antebraje, picioarele ridicate 45°: forfecäri ale picioarelor în plan frontal - lx8T, si în plan sagital - 1?8?;
* Asezat sprijinit eu genunchii depärtaji ìndoli: räsucirea bazinului stanga (dreapta) cu coborârea genunchilor pe sol - 2x8T;
* Asezat cu un picior ìntins, celälalt îndoit încrucisat, mainile la ceafa: räsuciri ale trunchiului stânga-dreapta si arcuili - 2x8T;
* Asezat depärtat: extensia trunchiului cu brajele lateral si arcuire, îndoirea räsucitä a trunchiului lateral stanga (dreapta si arcuire) - 2x8T;
* Asezat depärtat: îndoirea trunchiului înainte cu mainile la varfìil picioarelor - menjinut 1015 sec;
* Culcat, mainile la ceafa: îndoirea energica a genunchiului stâng (drept) la piept - 2x8T;
* Culcat, mainile la ceafa: ridicarea trunchiului cu ridicarea alternativa a unui picior, mainile sub genunchi - 2x8T;
* Culcat cu picioarele la verticalä: îndoirea piciorului stâng (drept) lateral cu atingerea solului - 2x8T;
* Culcat cu brätele lateral: räsucirea bazinului cu ducerea piciorului stâng (drept) la brajul opus - menjinut 10-15 sec;
* Culcat, mainile la ceafa: balansarea energica a piciorului stâng (drept) sus, farà atingerea solului la revenire - 2x8T;
* Culcat, mainile la ceafa: ridicarea trunchiului ìn asezat cu îndoirea alternativa a unui genunchi la piept, mainile pe genunchi - 2x8T;
* Asezat grupat, mainile pe genunchi: rulan înapoi si ínainte cu menjinerea pozijiei coréete: 10 repetäri;
* Culcat pe o coapsä: ridicári scurte ale piciorului de sus (20-30 cm) cu freevenjä cât mai mare - 2x8T;
* Culcat pe o coapsä: îndoirea genunchiului la piept, revenire, balansarea piciorului, revenire -2x8T;
* Culcat pe o coapsä: îndoirea ambilor genunchi ínainte, revenire - 2x8T;
Nota. Ultímele trei exercijii se exécuta si pe partea cealaltä.
* Ínainte culcat, mainile sub bärbie: îndoirea si întinderea alternativa a picioarelor - 2x8T;
* înainte culcat, brätele îndoite sprijin la piept: întinderea brajelor cu capul pe spate, revenire -2x8T;
* Stand pe genunchiului stâng (drept), piciorul drept (stâng) întins lateral, sprijin pe palme înainte: ridicarea piciorului drept la orizontalä - 2x8T;
* Stând pe genunchiului stâng (drept), piciorul drept (stâng) întins înapoi, sprijin pe palme înainte: îndoirea genunchiului drept (stâng) înainte eu bärbia în piept, balansarea piciorului drept (stâng) înapoi cu capul pe spate - 2x8T;
* Stand pe genunchi, sprijin pe palme înainte: îndoirea unui genunchi lateral la umär- 2x8T;
* Stand pe un genunchi, celälalt picior întins lateral: îndoirea trunchiului lateral pe piciorul întins cu brasil opus sus - menjinut 10-15 sec;
* Stand pe genunchi cu un bm\ ínainte: mana cealaltä apasä pe articulaba cotului creând presiune - menfinut 10-15 sec;
* Asezat cu picioarele încrucisate, brajele înapoi de maini apucat: întinderea brajelor cu menjinerea spatelui cât mai drept - 10-15 sec
Interpretarea datelor.
în urma recoltärii si prelucrärii datelor, putem scoate ín evidenza urmätoarele aspecte importante. La únele teste si probe de control (greutate, Ruffier, Dorgo) rezultatele objinute scad în valoare, dar cresc ín scala de apreciere (calificative). Testul Harvard are un calificativ bun la testarea iniziala si calificativ excelent la testarea finalä, având o crestere de 5,5 si o cordare si semnificajie bunä. La testarea finalä, indicele Quetelet se aflä sub limitele stärii de nutrice, având o cordare si semnifica$ie foarte bunä.
Rezultatele objinute în urma studiului confirma ipoteza la toji subieejii testaci. Gimnástica aerobica de ìntrejinere, adaptatä fieeärei categorii de beneficiari, se constituie ìntrun important mijloc de dezvoltare a rezistenjei generale a organismului, în special rezistenja aerobä, asa cum arata rezultatele experimentului. De asemenea, gimnástica aerobica de ìntrejinere reprezintä si o forma eficientä de optimizare a lecjiilor cu scop didactic.
Bibliografìe
1. DRAGAN, I., Medicina sportiva aplicatä, Ed. Editis, Bucuresti, 1994;
2. EPURAN, M., Metodologia cer cetani activitäfilor corporale, MTS, Bucuresti, 1992;
3. FERRARIO, B., Gimnástica aerobica pe ìnfelesul tuturor, Ed. Serrine, Bucuresti, 2004;
4. ORTÄNESCU, D., Aerobic. Metodica predarli, Ed. Universitaria, Craiova, 2007;
5. STOENESCU, G., Gimnástica de ìntrefinere, Ed. Sport-Turism, Bucuresti, 1987.
INCREASING THE AEROBIC EFFORT CAPACITY BY IMPLEMENTING THE AEROBIC GYMNASTICS PROGRAMS IN THE HIGHSCHOOL SYSTEM
Marian Costi ? NANU
University of Craiova
Keywords: Aerobic gymnastics, aerobic effort, physical exercise.
Abstract
Aerobic gymnastics is a gymnastics that deals with the body maintenance, which tones up the body both physically and psychically.
From a scientific point of view it offers advantages for the strengthening of the health and it fights against diseases. It is also a recognized method of fighting against cardiovascular diseases, offering the satisfactions of an aerobic way of life.
Introduction
It is well-known the fact that during the high-school the adolescent modifies his selfawareness and his body, as an expression of his own identity. The body image becomes consistent, polarizing the being of the young man who is constantly looking to improve this image.
The aerobic gymnastics for maintenance has a rich content which contains the achievement of some very different movements: dance steps, dynamic exercises from the basic gymnastics, jumps, stretching for 40 up to 50 min, with short breaks for breathing or larger breaks for relaxation. The programs are adapted for each category of age, sex and level of preparation for the persons involved.
By practising gymnastics in a systematic way one can register important modifications at the level of the locomotor system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system and endocrinal-metabolic, system. The aerobic gymnastics is very important for the spiritual and emotional education of the children and teenagers, developing the spontaneity and naturalness of the movements which are necessary for the daily life. Being closely connected with music and dance, it also contributes to the development of the artistic taste and to the enlargement of the spiritual horizon.
Because of its content aerobic gymnastics can be useful in the sports class "influencing in a selective way the locomotor system" or it can contribute to the following objectives:
- developing some basic skills for the aerobic gymnastics (learning the specific steps);
- toning up and developing some weak groups of muscles;
- developing the coordination;
- learning a series of steps and executing them with music;
- developing the respiratory and circulatory system through sustained physical effort for 10-15 minutes..
The efficiency of using aerobic gymnastics during the physical education class is pointed out through the fact that the exercises are executed at the same time with all the children without any pauses; they are learned and corrected during the execution, having an immediate influence. The inclusion of the aerobic gymnastics in the physical education lessons contributes to the accomplishment of a good motor density by excluding the dead times, and the wide range of methods contributes to the combined development of the motor skills.
The purpose is to point out the efficiency of applying the aerobic programs for the pupils (especially for the girls) from high-school.
Aerobic gymnastics aims at alleviating the physical condition and the comfort and leads to a proper state of health. The systemic practice pf aerobic develops the capacity to carry out in efficient way daily activities, preventing the diseases. If it is practiced repeatedly it contributes to the development and maintenance of functional capacities and to the maintenance of the structure of the organism and prevents deterioration caused by the lack of activity and age. The positive effects of the practice of the aerobic gymnastics are available for everyone and for each age.
Hypothesis The correct practice of the aerobic gymnastics programs can lead to improvement of the capacity of aerobic effort.
The study took place in February May 2008 at two prestigious high-schools Craiova: The National College "Elena Cuza" and the National College "Fratii Buzesti". activities were carried out three times per week; each program lasted for about 40-45 minutes.
Besides the anthropometric data, the Harvard test and the Ruffier test were applied and the recovery indices Dorgo and the nutrition index Wuetelet were calculated.
Aerobic gymnastics program, medium difficulty for high school
* Standing with the legs spread, hands on the shoulders: bowing the head back and while bending the knees; same exercise bending the head on both sides left-right- 2x8T;
* Standing: pawing drill, rotating the shoulders back and forth- 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread, raise your arms on each side: rotate the arms downwards, bending your knees slowly- 2x8T;
* Standing: walk in place - 2x8T;
* Standing: walking back and forth (one step), and bending the body slowly to the back, arms are moving besides the body- 2x8T.
* Standing, arms on the lateral: raising on the tips while rotating the arms ahead- 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread, hands on the shoulders: balancing the weight from one leg another- lx8T; same movement stretching the opposite arm lateral upwards - lx8T;
* Standing with the legs spread, hands to the chest: extending the arms, stretching the laterally with extension and arching- 2x8T;
* Standing: pas lateral cu hands on the shoulders, raising on the tips of the toes with the up, coming back with the hands on the shoulders, coming back to the standing position 2x8T;
* Standing, hands on the shoulders: running while stretching the arms forth - 2x8T; while stretching the arms on each side - 2x8T;
* Standing: Fast High Knees - 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread: bending the body with the arms on each side, bending body down with the arms downwards- 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread, hands on the scruff: turning the body on each side bending the knees slowly- 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread: lateral feints, knee to the opposite leg - 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread, leaning on the hands: raising on the tips with the basin coming back on the heels- lx8T;
* Standing, hands on the hips: jumping sideways, springing with the legs crossed to front- 2x8T;
* Standing: jumping on one leg while raising alternatively a knee, and going with the to the opposed leg- 2x8T;
* Standing: extension of the body, arms up, arching, one step forward with the left bending the body forward with the arms downwards- 2x8T;
* Standing, hands on the shoulders: bending the knees, coming back, balancing a leg- 2x8T;
* Standing with the legs spread: bending the body sideways. Left-right -maintaining (maximum point 10-15 sec;
* Standing with the legs spread: bending the body forward with the arms up - maintaining 10-15 sec;
* Sitting: extension of the body, raising the arms up and arching, bending the body forward with the arms in the front and arching- 2x8T;
* Sitting: bending the knees, coming back, spreading the legs (15-20 cm from the ground), and coming back- 2x8T;
* Sitting raising the legs, bending the knees, stretching the legs, and coming back - 2x8T;
* Sitting on the forearms: bending the lateral knee left-right, coming back, balancing the left leg right lateral - 2x8T;
* Sitting on the forearms: raising the legs 45°: moving the legs to the front - lx8T, and in sagittal plane- lx8T;
* Sitting with the knees spread and bend: turning the basin to the let then right going down with the knees to the ground- 2x8T;
* Sitting with a leg straight and the other bent, hands to the scruff: turning the body left-right and arching- 2x8T;
* Sitting with the legs spread: extension of the body with the arms on the lateral and arching, bending the body lateral to the left than right and arching- 2x8T;
* Sitting with the legs spread: bending the body forward hands to the tip of the toes - maintain 10-15 sec;
* Lying, hands to the scruff: bending the left knee with energy left right to the chest- 2x8T;
* Lying, hands to the scruff: raising the body, alternative rise of a leg, hands under the knees- 2x8T;
* Lying with the legs vertically: bending the left leg (right) lateral, touching the ground - 2x8T;
* Lying with the arms on the lateral: turning the basin while going with the left leg (right) to the opposed arm - maintaining for 10-15 sec;
* Lying, hands to the scruff: balancing with energy the left leg upwards, without touching the ground when coming back- 2x8T;
* Lying, hands to the scruff: Raising the body when sitting, while bending a knee to the chest, hands on the knees- 2x8T;
* Sitting grouped, hands on the knees: rolling back and forth, maintaining the correct position: 10 times;
* Lying on a thigh: raising a little the leg upwards (20-30 cm), higher and higher- 2x8T;
* Lying on a thigh: bending the knee to the chest, coming back, balancing the leg, coming back-2x8T;
* Lying on a thigh: bending both knees to the front, coming back- 2x8T;
Observation: the last three exercises can be executed on the other side.
* Lying on the front, hands under the chin: bending and stretching the legs alternatively-2x8T;
* Lying on the front, arms bend to the chest: stretching the arms with the head on the back, coming back- 2x8T;
* Sitting on the left knee (right), right foot (left) lying on the lateral, standing on the hands: raising the right leg horizontally- 2x8T;
* Sitting on the right knee (left), left foot (right) backwards, sitting on the hands. Bending the right (left) knee with the chin to the chest, balancing the right (left) foot back with the head on the back- 2x8T;
* Sitting on the knees, leaning on the hands: bending a knee laterally to the shoulder- 2x8T;
* Sitting on the knee, the other leg stretched laterally: bending the body laterally on the stretched leg with the opposite arm upwards - maintaining 10-15 sec;
* Sitting on the knee, with an arm in the front: the other hand pushes on the articulation of the elbow creating pressure - maintaining for cu un 10-15 sec;
* Sitting with the legs crossed, arms backwards, stretching the arms maintaining the back as straight as possible - 10-15 sec.
Interpreting the data
After gathering and processing the data, we can point out the following important aspects. The results prove to be lower for some tests (weight, Ruffier, Dorgo), but higher for the qualifications. The Harvard test registered good qualifications for the initial testing and an excellent for the final testing having a rate of growth of 5,5 and a good correlation and signification. The Quetelet index, was under the limit of the nutrition scale, during the final testing, having a very good correlation and signification.
Conclusions
The results obtained after the study confirm the hypothesis for all the subjects that were tested. Aerobic gymnastics, adapted for each category is an important way of developing the general strength of the organism, especially the aerobic strength. Moreover, the aerobic gymnastics represents an efficient way of optimizing the didactic lessons.
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Copyright "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau 2008
Abstract
Aerobic gymnastics is a gymnastics that deals with the body maintenance, which tones up the body both physically and psychically. From a scientific point of view it offers advantages for the strengthening of the health and it fights against diseases. It is also a recognized method of fighting against cardiovascular diseases, offering the satisfactions of an aerobic way of life. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
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