Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence job satisfaction in police officers relative to Frederick Herzberg's motivation/hygiene theory

Abstract

Problem. Keeping high morale within a police department remains a challenge today for police officers and police managers alike. With the negative economic situation facing the United States, many agencies are forced to impose layoffs of police personnel and reduce police services in order to make budget. With increased pressure on police departments to do more with less, it is important for agencies to foster an environment that promotes autonomy and a culture that values those who put their lives on the line every day for the communities they serve. Therefore, it is important for leaders in policing to understand what motivates their employees.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of police officers and managers as to the degree of importance of Herzberg’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors. A secondary purpose was to determine if there was a significant difference in their perceptions of the degree of importance of Herzberg’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors based on experience, gender, education, or officer versus manager.

Methodology. Police departments were identified using basic criteria. An online survey was given to police officers and managers. The results of the online survey were reported out using descriptive and ex post facto statistics. Then differences were examined between the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of Herzberg’s theory.

Findings. The number one statement police officers and managers agreed with was related to relationships (96%). The factors least likely to be agreed with were achievement and recognition (M = 3.38 and 3.42, respectively), with agreement ratings of just over half of respondents (52% and 54%, respectively). Gender also played a major role in motivation factors. Female police officers were least likely to agree with statements related to the work itself, responsibility, and status.

Conclusions. Police officers want to be treated by their superiors as competent employees and left alone to do their jobs without being micromanaged. Additionally, police officers value their relationships with other police officers to a great extent.

Recommendations. Leaders in policing, city officials, and city council members wishing to see a more harmonious relationship between police officers and police unions need to know what motivates police officers.