'Spanners in the Wrong Works': Translating Dmitry Golynko

Abstract

CM: Because I'm a poet I'm listening to the sound of the translation as I would when I write my own work. "An obscene expression understandable to a hedgehog" had to turn out as "an obscenity universally understood" because in English the novel thought of the hedgehog suddenly coming in takes on more weight than the common expression requires in the Russian. [...]to translate is to recognize that nothing is "universally understood," at least not in the same way. In the sixth stanza of "Excellent Quality," we enjoyed "an inhalation on an empty stomach / is breathed out with a vile squeak." Because the translation is never just a translation but always a rewriting, such inhalations and exhalations, digestions and ejaculations start to inhabit the translator's self-perception as much as the poem: does our inhalation of the Russian poem come out as a vile English squeak? CM: [...]there have been some wonderful translations but they work not because they are the same but because they respond to Khlebnikov's challenge and method.

"SPANNERS IN THE WRONG WORKS": TRANSLATING DMITRY GOLYNKO

Jacob Edmond and Cilla McQueen

Dmitry Golynko

Tension Rises

high tension

you will contrive to play with us

bends over, to

fix on one point

a pantomime character

got toasted in the sun

none too soon

intoxication sets in

---------------------------------------

to raise tension

blow the nose, a dried fruit

wrinkled is chewed

and the gruel crawls out

in due course, what in a goddess

doesn't satisfy a mortal is

a bad smell acquired by her

through self-contempt

---------------------------------------

tension will rise, should

you get the hots for, try it

those loosened by paradontosis

masticate in the subconscious

impresses an attraction

not to the usual filth, such as

blah, blah, to the particular

rhythm tapped out

---------------------------------------

envy raises tension

pissing envious

where slops on the sly

stream together

pulverized spanners

in the wrong works, still

in the company the joker

started his own bullshit

---------------------------------------

tension rises when the beam

of the searchlight goes blind, over their faces

the punch spreads

a small haematoma cloud

completely off his head he

got his brains set so straight, turned

all eyes on himself, having butted the punching bag

the fist moved back

---------------------------------------

the tension is increased by the weather,

slushy, a small piebald pooch

whimpers, pink tongue

roughens

in the moment of licking

unknown things, they bought

lots of booze and by agreement

without twisting arms

---------------------------------------

heightened tension threatens

in the anger of a being of the highest ranks

or a wench's laughter, gathering strength

from its habit of helplessness

to achieve a good chunk

chopped off, enough

to smooth out the place of removal

and level what is unnecessary

12-16 February 2004

Excellent Quality

1.

a drink of excellent quality

refreshing quenches thirst

only by halves, a hot cheap standby

bodes a worthless holiday

in an Asian hole they look sullen

at what remains from the powerful

shakeup from the overcoming of the force

of circumstances, from incessant

efforts, from girls

leaping into bed, from the first attempt

or after half a year of courting

too lazy to get off your bum, and its cheeks

when what you saw enters without ceremony

thickly smeared with snot

2.

a stop-work of excellent quality

of manpower brings an outdated sector

of the economy to the eyes

of passers-by, an obscenity

universally understood is vented

from the lips of a passerby, a woman

tells a man seriously

that she doesn't need him, a confession of treason

extorted by force

in a southern holiday resort brings

relief to no one, a legislator

is caught at the moment of receiving a bribe

grumpily desires a woman,

that the strike continue, that the sensor not lie

3

a sheath of excellent quality

raises the level of friction, a wet slipcover

improves the quality of a hard-on to

the absolute, strong-willed efforts

cause a qualitative improvement

in sensation, a particular climate

is created, thus a Molotov cocktail

collared with gusto one

caterpillar track of a tank, and then the other

a rolled up mattress protector forms

a mound, behind it a qualitative reduction

in activity, the risk factor makes one get out another slip-on

from the chest of drawers, a piece

of meat is roasted in the frying pan

4

hopelessness of excellent quality

elevates the standard of living

by one grade, tamara

sucks the demon off, we have

solicitations aplenty, including sexual ones,

in the zone of disasters, there were Vikings

in our day, the stolen time

of a meeting with a sweetheart at the city hall underneath the clock

goes to someone else, a nonchalant southerner

lifts up her smooth legs with dimples

of fine hair, such that between the

hairs is a white mass

of gratitude, having seen enough

of all kinds of filth, they brush off from an eyelash

5

intimacy of excellent quality

in relations with a local, inexpensive

floozy, at quarter to nine, takes for an

hour, a solvent relaxation

beats a holiday without a penny

a light smoke, heavy on the lungs

will be bought on the spot, many years of service

raises the quality of the service

by fifty percent, intimacy advantageously

sold lock, stock and barrel,

lies groaning, a raised rate

beats off the desire to pay up

a pricelist in supplementary pleasures,

it is shameful to shit oneself

6

a corncob of excellent quality

spoiled slightly by salt

finely ground, a tin can of spinach

touched by mould, a native of the southern

republics setting up a scam

for his market clients, a shaggy youth

hastily drags to the registry office his first

negative experience, an inventory taker

disregards the distortions

in the overheads, the scrubbed floor

in the hall of the hotel reflects

the disastrous state of those who have just arrived,

an inhalation on an empty stomach

is breathed out with a vile squeak

7

the impersonality of excellent quality

of language, spoken by a chick

with a short hairdo, makes one sick

of hearing it, a clip downloaded from a paysite

with hardcore porn gets ahead of coitus

by two to three seconds, time is a poor guide

when it comes to a flannelette blanket

rolled up at one's legs of such a shape

that you lick your fingers, evil thoughts

exited in formation from non-Euclidian

space, shall I feel someone up, a crime

against morality is also a choice

between two evils, in order that the broken impersonality

of language led to some kind of perfection

8

putty of excellent quality

in the crack between the lintel and the ceiling

provokes the urge to scrape it out with one's finger

the thumb or middle finger, depending on the degree

of intoxication, to peek at what is going on in

the house opposite, two or three tenants

live there, where they look without interest

nothing interesting happens, teeth

knockout time for an event which leads

to such consequences, the extended leg

of a ballerina points to the north

of sensuality, or to the south, two young

penguins masturbate without particular

enthusiasm, the imaginable drives on

23 May-3 June 2004

Dmitrij Golynko

Napryazhieniie povyshaietsya

napryazhien'ie vysokoie

vy sygrat' sumieietie s nami

naklonyaietsya nad, chtoby

ustavit'sya v odnu tochku

opierietochnyj piersonazh

pieriegrielsya na solntsie

chut' pozzhie, chiem by khotielos'

op'yanieniie nastupaiet

---------------------------------------

chtob napryazhien'ie povysit'

nado vysmorkat'sya, sukhofrukt

smorshchiennyj razzhievan

i kashitsa vypolzaiet

svoim chieriedom, chto v boginie

nie ustraivaiet smiertnogo, eto

durnoj zapakh, ieyu priobrietiennyj

ot prieniebriezhien'ya k siebie

---------------------------------------

napryazhien'ie povysitsya, iesli

vtrieskat'sya v, poprobujtie

rasshatannyie parodontozom

pieriezhievyvayut, v podsoznanku

vpiechatalos' vliechien'ie

nie k obychnoj pakosti, tipa

tyry-pyry, k osobiennomu

drob' otbarabanili

---------------------------------------

napryazhieniie povyshaiet zavist'

pisayushchaya kipyatkom tuda

gdie vtikharya pomoi

slivayut v nikh zhie samikh

pieriemolotyie kosti

nie v tom gorlie, ieshchie zhiviekhoniek

v kompanii prikolist

zaviel svoie trali-vali

---------------------------------------

napryazhien'ie povysitsya, kogda luch

prozhiektora sliepniet, po mordasam

dannyj tumak rastiekaietsya

oblachkom giematomy

na vsyu golovu trakhnutomu

tak vpravili mozgi, i vies' vnimaniie

obratil na siebya, grushu bodnuv

kulak dvinulsya v obratnuyu

---------------------------------------

napryazhien'ie povysit pogoda

slyakotnaya, piesik s podpalinami

poskulivaiet, rozovyj yazyk

priobrietaiet shierokhovatost'

v momient oblizyvaniya

nieznakomykh vieshchiej, nakupili

vinishcha i po soglasiyu

biez vykruchivaniya ruk

---------------------------------------

povyshieniiem napryazhien'ya grozit

gniev sushchiestva iz razryada vysshikh

ili babskij smiekh, nabirayushchij silu

ot privychki k biespomoshchnosti

chtoby prosiech', otkuda ottyapan

kusman khoroshij, dostatochno

miesto ot''iema podgladit'

i nienuzhnoie podravnyat'

12-16 fievralya 2004 goda

Prievoskhodnoie kachiestvo

1

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva napitok

prokhladitiel'nyj utolyaiet zhazhdu

tol'ko napolovinu, goryashchaya putievka

obieshchaiet progarnyj otpusk

v aziatskoj dyrieni, smotryat bukoj

na to, chto ostalos' ot moshchnoj

vstryaski, ot prieodolieniya sily

obstoyatiel'stv, ot niepriestannykh

staranij, ot prygayushchikh v postiel'

dievchonok, s piervogo zakhoda

il' poslie polgoda ukhazhivanij

lien' otorvat' i zad, i dvoiezad'ie

kogda sil'no pieriemazannoie soplyami

vkhodit chto vidiel biez tsieriemonij

2

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva zabastovka

rabochiej sily otstalyj siektor

ekonomiki podnimaiet v glazakh

prokhozhikh, ponyatnoie iezhu

matiernoie vyrazhien'ie sryvaietsya

s gub prokhozhiego, zhienshchina

govorit muzhchinie sier'iezno

chto on iej nie nuzhien, vyrvannoie

siloj priznan'ie v izmienie

na yuzhnom kurortie nikomu nie prinosit

obliegchien'ie, zakonodatiel'

pojman v momient poluchien'ya vzyatki

razdrazhienno zhielaiet zhienshchinu, zabastovku

chtoby prodolzhalas', nie vral by siensor

3

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva nasadka

povyshaiet urovien' trien'ya, mokryj chiekhol'chik

kachiestvo stoyaka do absolyuta

dovodit, volievyie usil'ya

vyzyvayut kachiestviennoie uluchshien'ie

oshchutimosti, klimat osobyj

sozdaietsya, tak Molotova koktiejl'

smachno zakhomutal odnu

gusienitsu tanka, zatiem druguyu

skatannyj namatrasnik bugor

obrazuiet, za nim kachiestviennoie ponizhien'ie

aktivnosti, faktor riska ieshchie chiekhol

zastavlyaiet izvliech' iz komoda, kusok

myasa na skovorodkie uzharien

4

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva bieznadiega

sposobstvuiet rostu urovnya zhizni

ieshchie na odnu otmietku, tamara

otsasyvaiet u diemona, domogatiel'stv

v tom chislie sieksual'nykh, u nas prud

prudi v zonie biedstvij, byli zhie vikingi

v nashi gody, ukradiennoie vriemya

vstriechi s miloj u merii pod chasami

dostaietsya drugomu, biezrazlichnaya yuzhanka

zadiraiet brityie nogi s ryab'yu

mielkikh volosikov, to, chto miezhdu

vorsinok iest' bielaya massa

priznatiel'nosti, nasmotrievshis'

vsyakoj gadosti, smakhivayut s riesnitsy

5

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva intimnost'

otnoshienij s miestnoj, niedorogoj

shlyukhoj, biez chietvierti dievyat', bieriet za

chas, sostoyatiel'nyj otdykh

daiet prikurit' otdykhu biez kop'ya

liegkoie kurievo, vriednoie dlya liegkikh

pokupaietsya tut zhie, vysluga liet

povyshaiet kachiestvo obsluzhivan'ya

na pyat'diesyat protsientov, vygodno

prodannaya s potrokhami intimnost'

liezhit, pokryakhtyvaya, podnyataya taksa

otbivaiet zhielan'ie raskoshielit'sya

na dopolnitiel'nykh udovol'stvij

priejskurant, obdielat'sya stydno

6

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva pochatok

kukuruzy podporchien sol'yu

mielkopomolotoj, banka shpinata

tronuta pliesien'yu, urozhieniets yuzhnykh

riespublik razviel lokhotron

dlya kliientov rynka, vikhrastyj yunosh

tashchit v zags opromietchivo svoj piervyj

niegativnyj opyt, tovarovied

v nakladnoj ostavlyaiet pripiski

biez vniman'ya, nadraiennyj pol

v khollie gostinitsy otrazhaiet

vnov' pribyvshikh biedstviennoie

polozhien'ie, vdykhaiemoie natoshchak

vydykhaietsya s mierzkim poskripyvaniiem

7

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva biezlikost'

yazyka, iz''yasnyaiemogo dievchonkoj

s korotkoj strizhkoj, zavyanut' ukho

zastavlyaiet, s platnika skachannyj rolik

s tyazhielym porno opieriezhaiet soit'ie

na dvie-tri siekundy, vriemya plokhoj sovietchik

iesli kasaietsya bajkovogo odieyala

skatannogo na nozhki takoj formovki

chto oblizhiesh' pal'chiki, vyshli stroiem

iz nieevklidovogo prostranstva durnyie

mysli, mozhiet, zazhat' kogo, priestuplien'ie

protiv nravstviennosti tozhie vybor

iz dvukh zol, daby lomanaya biezlikost'

yazyka doviela do niekoiego soviershienstva

8

prievoskhodnogo kachiestva zamazka

v shchieli miezhdu pritolokoj i pieriekryt'iem

podmyvaiet vyskriesti ieie pal'tsiem

bol'shim ili sriednim, ot stiepieni op'yanien'ya

v zavisimosti, podglyadiet', chto tvoritsya

v domie naprotiv, dvoie zhivut ili troie

zhil'tsov, kuda smotryat biez intieriesa

intieriesnoie nie proiskhodit, zuby

vybit' pora tomu sluchayu, chto privodit

k takim posliedstviyam, vytyanutaya nozhka

balieriny ukazyvaiet na sievier

chuvstviennosti, ili na yug, dva pingvina

molodykh masturbiruyut biez entuziazma

osobogo, voobrazimoie podgonyaiet

23 maya-3 iyunya 2004 goda

The authors gratefully acknowledge the permission of Dmitry Golynko to reproduce the originals and translations of these two poems here. The translations were first published in Landfall 213 (May 2007).

JE: "When the translation seems finished, it means one thing: translate again and again." So wrote the Russian poet Arkadii Dragomoshchenko in a letter to US poet Lyn Hejinian (21 March 1985, private collection). Elsewhere, I have taken this statement to encapsulate Dragomoshchenko's view of poetry as a continuous process of rewriting (Common Strangeness p.48). In turning to the topic of translation, I find that his view is one I share.

In writing about translations from Chinese into Western languages and cultural contexts, Haun Saussy redefines the task of comparative literature as "the exploration of interactions--a project . . . far more interesting than the evaluation of similarities and differences" (p. 75). What Saussy says of comparative literature is true also of translation and of writing about translation. It is more interesting and fruitful to track the interactions between languages than to judge their accuracy from what is falsely imagined as an omniscient and neutral position.

In 2006, I was invited to contribute to a special Russian issue of Landfall (Edmond et al.). As someone who reads and writes about Russian poetry, I was asked to collaborate with several New Zealand writers to translate a selection of works by contemporary Russian poets. I also worked alongside and in collaboration with Evgeny Palvov, who is a native Russian speaker, a scholar of Russian literature at the University of Canterbury, and an expert translator. The task was an act of reciprocation for a much larger anthology of New Zealand poetry that had recently been published in Moscow in translations by Russian poets (Pavlov and Williams).

But the lines of exchange were not just between Russia and New Zealand. When I was asked to assist Cilla McQueen in translating two poems by Dmitry Golynko (who also goes by the name of Golynko-Vol'fson and who is one of a group of Petersburg poets for whom Dragomoshchenko's work provided an important example), I became not just the conduit for an exchange between the two poets but also an active participant in a reciprocal relationship with both writers. To return to these translations is to recall and to re-enter that dialogue.

Cilla's initial response was wary: "Dear Jacob, How does one translate Russian poetry without knowing what it sounds like or being able to read it? I am pretty doubtful of making any useful contribution, really--love from Cilla" (email, 29 Nov. 2006). Yet against her better judgement, I managed to persuade her to give it a go.

CM: When he sent me the English literals, Jacob being a poet himself had already done much of the work. As we continued fining them down, the lines assumed shape. Their rhythms and idiosyncratic character became evident.

JE: The first poem we worked on was entitled "Napriazhenie povyshaetsia," or "Tension Rises." Its regular form is immediately apparent. It is divided into eight units of eight lines. Those eight-line units each divide into two four-line stanzas. Each eight-line unit begins with some variation on the refrain "tension rises." This incessant rhythmic pulse is described in the poem itself:

impresses an attraction

not to the usual filth, such as

blah, blah, to the particular

rhythm tapped out

We went through various versions of this finger tapping, drumming sound before settling on "rhythm tapped out." But what is this "particular / rhythm"? Golynko's poem questions its own apparently square, regular rhythm by taking the reader repeatedly off guard through mangled or retooled idioms and direction-switching enjambments.

CM: I am respectful of the intuitive qualities of poetry.

The preliminary encounter is with a jumble of rough-hewn literals.

Metaphors gleam in it.

Shape appears; meaning becomes partly and then wholly evident.

Find focus. Get an idea of the topology of the text.

JE: A translation is a mapping of possible readings marked as much by absence as by presence.

CM: The meaning absorbed, now express its equivalent in correct and nuanced English, to deliver about the same quantum of language as concisely as possible.

JE: But of course it's never quite the same quantum. At a reading I attended in St. Petersburg in 2000, Golynko performed with his head down. Stooped over a table (he is quite tall), he presented an antithetical image to the poet standing and declaiming his or her work in the incantatory Russian style, as practiced, for example, by Elena Shvarts, whom I also heard read on the same visit. In English, we lack a comparably strong modernist and contemporary tradition of rhymed and recited poetry to react against. Though contemporary English-language poetry has no shortage of aesthetic and ideological differences reflected in various performance styles, the lines of those differences are drawn and expressed differently. To achieve a perfectly correct translation of Golynko's poetry--to make the poems signify in just the same way--we would have to recreate the entire sociocultural world of contemporary Russian poetry--and Russia itself--in all its details. Once one accepts that such perfection is pure fantasy, the task of translation begins.

CM: Because I'm a poet I'm listening to the sound of the translation as I would when I write my own work. Jacob is careful to retain as much of the arrangement of the Russian lines as possible, which is why the translation sounds somewhat foreign to the English ear. He's paying attention to matching sentence construction and syntax where possible, to retain the voice in it which carries the natural rhythms of the poet's speech, the intonation, music and patterns of the language.

JE: But Russian, being an inflected language, has much more syntactic flexibility than our analytic language, allowing syntactic inversions where they are impossible--or impossibly awkward--in English. The opening words of each stanza of the poem "Predvoskhodnoe kachestvo" ("Excellent Quality") are predvoskhodnogo kachestva ("of excellent quality"). This visually and aurally arresting echo of the title is inevitably disrupted by the presence of the word "of" in the English translation of the Russian genitive. We did not maintain these words' position at the opening of each stanza. We felt that the syntactic inversion required to do so would undermine the idiomatic feel of Golynko's poem. We therefore reversed the order, ending up with "a drink of excellent quality," "a sheath of excellent quality," and so on.

CM: In the first stanza of "Excellent Quality," we had a large amount of information to distil into a small number of words. A "gleaming / burning ticket" meaning "last-minute holiday deal" or "hot deal with a massive discount" i.e. "the package is about to burn up, or expire" promised a "spend-up-large holiday" i.e. a desirable-sounding holiday deal which becomes the type of holiday on which you spend much more than you planned. "Bodes" was a useful word. "Hot" indicated desirability and rapid uptake. This ended up, concisely, as "a hot cheap standby / bodes an over-extravagant holiday." The rhythm of the Russian comes through as well as the core information.

JE: The word progrannyi, which we translated as "over-extravagant," literally means "burnt up," allowing for wordplay in the Russian, where the hot deal burns itself out. But here, as Golynko later pointed out, we misinterpreted the Russian idiom: progrannyi would be better translated as "worthless," a correction we've taken the opportunity to make here. That is, the burnout wasn't so much in funds as a marker of worthlessness, as in a burnt-out car. As we might say in English, the purchaser of this hot ticket got burnt--and so did the translators in this case. Still, the example illustrates that Cilla grasped the rapid-fire colloquial feel of Golynko's work, which is full of language from the street, the Internet, and the media. She understood that to retain this almost Ginsberg-like style we had to be as concise and colloquial as possible without veering too far from the original.

CM: I was interested in the skewing of attention that a familiar Russian idiom might bring to the English. "An obscene expression understandable to a hedgehog" had to turn out as "an obscenity universally understood" because in English the novel thought of the hedgehog suddenly coming in takes on more weight than the common expression requires in the Russian.

JE: Thus to translate is to recognize that nothing is "universally understood," at least not in the same way. The hedgehog might signal an altogether different context for an English reader, bringing to mind perhaps Isaiah Berlin and the hedgehog who knows one big thing. But Golynko's poetry works against just such universal statements whether in Russian or English, idiom or fable.

CM: Care must be taken lest the translation spark off resonances that were not in the original. Metaphor is capable of transferring ideas greater than the meanings of the words that contain it.

JE: One metaphor to which a translator might turn is the translated poem as an unfilled container into which meaning must be poured. But this imagined container--which Walter Benjamin imagined as a whole "vessel" and Dragomoshchenko writes of as a chashka, or "cup"--is forever leaking (Benjamin, Illuminations p. 79; Edmond, Common Strangeness pp. 46-48). There are always holes through which new meanings seep.

CM: Our combined notes on the imagery of the first few lines of the third stanza of "Tensions Rises" make puzzling reading:

"A nozzle/mouthpiece/bait [for fish] of excellent quality / raises the level of friction, a wet [case/teacosy?] sleeve? / The quality of a post/stanchion leads to / The absolute, strong-willed efforts / cause a qualitative improvement / in perceptibility" was tricky until one realises what's going on in this bedroom.

We settled in the end for lines which without slipping into a very colloquial interpretation seem to deliver the meaning without losing too much of the original:

"a sheath of excellent quality / raises the level of friction, a wet slipcover / improves the quality of a hard-on to / the absolute, strong-willed efforts / cause a qualitative improvement in sensation"

JE: With such lines, I quickly reached the limits of my rather innocent Russian. Evgeny Pavlov came to the rescue but even he commented at one point "To tell you the truth, I never heard 'pisat' kipyatkom' ["to piss boiling water"] in the sense of 'zavidovat'' ["to envy"].' In my book, it means 'being excited.' Maybe it's a Petersburg thing." And again, in translating this phrase from "Tension Rises," just picking an English idiom has its dangers. "Green with envy" is not exactly obscure regional slang, and it loses "pissing," which continues the bodily ingestion/ejaculation theme of the poem. We would also have lost the connection to the last line where the "slops"--but also implicitly the piss--"stream together." "Pissing envious" was a compromise. Perhaps we should have gone with "pissed with envy" to catch the similar association of "pissed" with anger in English (where we also have the regional confusion of "pissed" as angry and "pissed" as drunk). In translating the Russian expression for envy or excitement into English, we lost in any case that sense of hot water boiling over so essential to the increase in tension. Maybe "pissed and boiling over with tension." But then we would have lost the rhythmic concision we were seeking. Instead we took the last line to heart: "level what is unnecessary."

CM: In the sixth stanza of "Excellent Quality," we enjoyed "an inhalation on an empty stomach / is breathed out with a vile squeak."

JE: Because the translation is never just a translation but always a rewriting, such inhalations and exhalations, digestions and ejaculations start to inhabit the translator's self-perception as much as the poem: does our inhalation of the Russian poem come out as a vile English squeak?

CM: The sound of the English translation is important for fluency and euphony; the substitution of "corn-cob" for "ear of corn" restored rhythm to the line "A corn-cob of excellent quality" and the alliteration goes with that in the next line, "spoiled slightly by salt."

JE: While "Excellent Quality" has no regular rhyme scheme or settled rhythm, its strict division into eight fourteen-line stanzas and its frequent half rhymes (for example, rolik, a "clip" downloaded from the internet, rhymes with sovetchik, an advisor or "guide") gave us license to seek similar wordplay. This combined with the enjambment, lack of punctuation, and continuous stream of interlinked, hypotactic phrases encouraged Cilla and me to find similar ways to keep the flow.

CM: In the 5th stanza of "Tension Rises," the final version "the beam of the searchlight goes blind over their faces" had to keep the odd image it conveys, because I learned that the sense of the Russian idiom describing faces (mugs, dials) being blinded by the light literally gives the searchlight itself going blind. Their faces dazzle the searchlight, in a freer translation.

JE: The image of the searchlight captures the translator in her or his multiple positions. Is she or he searching the darkness of the mind's language for an equivalent, or desperately on the run only to be caught (after a wrong turn, or a mistranslation) in the prison guard/critic's blinding beam? In this case we tripped in the dark of the translation on an unseen comma. What should have been two phrases--"the searchlight goes blind" and "over their faces / the punch spreads"--became one. While at Golynko's suggestion we have restored the missing comma here, I continue to enjoy the double reading suggested by the enjambment. The searchlight goes out but also passes over the comma to blind the faces of the translators who then walk straight into the body blow of a mistranslation.

CM: In stanza 7 of "Tension Rises," "ground bones / went down the wrong way," we noted that this was a confusion/conflation of two idioms--a bone in the throat means an obstacle and "down the wrong throat" means that "things didn't turn out as you wanted." We stepped out more boldly than usual in this case and offered a similarly customised phrase: "pulverised spanners in the wrong works."

JE: Some metaphors stick in a language, on the tongue, or in the throat. A bone and a spanner fire off different networks of connotations even if they plug into similar idioms. And those connotations vary from place to place even within the same language: a spanner may cause confusion for speakers of US English, who generally expect a wrench in their idiom.

As soon as you start messing with the system through translation, the whole poem begins to operate in different ways. The bone in the throat idiom in Russian recalled the line "masticate in the subconscious" in the previous stanza. Now Russian bones go down English throats and morph into spanners, destroying the latticework of connotations in the Russian poem and its theme of bodily ingestion, yet revealing other parts of its inner workings. The translation here throws up the metaphor of the poem as a machine.

Happily for us, Golynko's poem--with its use and misuse of slang, idiom, and cliché--was already focused on this kind of destructive-creative vandalism. We merely extended it to another language. But of course we lost the voice (the "throat" or gorlo) of the original.

CM: The translator as conduit throws a rope, a line, across from one language to another, finds a point of contact, makes a correspondence, retaining the character of each side as well as the integrity of the interface.

What comes between the original and the translation is the poetic line.

Integrity of the poetic line.

JE: The line is a metaphor and literalizing of connection. We can imagine a line thrown across a gap or down a hole, a tightrope or a rescue line. These are lines that you don't want to snap. But one of the first problems in translating these poems was the line break. The poems depend on strict line arrangements and set stanzas and they rely heavily on a dramatic unwinding (or tension-raising coiling) of lines one on another. Time and again we had to trade off between convoluted syntax and losing this dramatic unwinding of language.

In the lines "heightened tension threatens / in the anger of a being of the highest ranks," we had to forgo retaining "anger" as the grammatical subject in order to keep "heightened tension" as the opening word of the section (a pattern repeated throughout the poem). Here we went with an intransitive verb. Anger's relation to the verb became merely prepositional. We cut one line of connection to grasp another.

CM: The words in this case are each a conduit, making contact, arranging themselves in written or spoken form so as to facilitate exchange of ideas through language.

By means of words the language contacts another intelligence, and participates for the duration of the poem in the process of exchange, the self-energizing circle, the motivating feedback. This is well described, I think, by the structure of the benzene molecule.

JE: Like a benzene molecule, the translation is a site of multiple exchanges. I find myself here entering or extending another exchange with my collaborator about translation, poetry, and language. Where I stress the breaks, the noncorrespondences, Cilla sees connections. Both are part of the translation process.

CM: Translation requires participation in the text at its raw level.

Writing down a dream is rather a similar experience.

The dream uses a poetic language which is elliptical, apt, unusual, literal.

I listen for it and write it down as closely as I can, naming the thought.

Writing fixes dream in language as salt fixes the colour of dye.

JE: The ink has long since dried on the translation that went to print. But is the translation fixed? What if the poem's concluding effort "to smooth out the place of removal" only exacerbated this continuous unsettlement? In lopping off a "good chunk" of the poem and hurling it into another language, that "space of removal" might be smoothed out in the same way that the poem's colourful language is flattened into abstraction at its end.

CM: The received language, i.e. the raw literals, is rather like the dream--inchoate, inviting definition. The translator's job is to find links, resonances, correspondences, not merely contiguity but congruence of meanings at a deep level.

JE: What happens then when the poem itself eschews depth and favours the superficial character of a light opera or "pantomime"? I don't want to diminish Cilla's achievement in giving incredible energy to the English version of the poem, her genius in finding quick colloquial renderings in place of their Russian counterparts. But I wonder whether the "deep image" description of translation might usefully be supplemented by the gaudy and caricatured play of pantomime theatrics. In the poem, "the joker / started his own bullshit." Maybe as translators we do the same.

CM: When I'm writing my own poetry I listen to the language of thought and attempt to find words for it, to couch it succinctly, leaving its possible meanings and extensions of meaning open, inviting another intelligence to be participant as well as observer and engage with the language.

JE: I listen too to Cilla's language. Like the translation game of poetic "Chinese Whispers" that I once participated in, each interpretation, each translation or mistranslation enlarges the text with new meanings (Yang, Edmond, and Mok).

CM: You don't have to spell it out; one word can do the resonant job of many. Effective poetry sets up a resonant field, in a register characteristic of the writer and the poem. The translator sets up an equivalent field, hoping to achieve a transparency between them through which meaning can pass. The task is to put the literal text into language which conveys the subtlety and resonance, both linguistic and cultural, of the poet's voice.

JE: Take Cilla's rendering "get the hots for," which conveys Golynko's idiom-rich colloquial language and adds the idea of heat that is not there in the Russian but was lost from our rendition of the Russian idiom "pissing boiling water" in the lines that follow. This new resonant field contributes to the rise in heat, pressure, and tension that reverberates through "Tension Rises."

CM: Rhythms under the English equivalent of Golynko's lines create a certain pace, and drive the poem as I imagine the Russian line driven, by something deeper than sound. I discern a voice and thought-rhythms underneath.

Shades of meaning may be lost. Metaphor is important. The translator acknowledges the impossibility of exactness, but endeavours to find equivalent areas of resonance.

JE: "Excellent Quality" is also replete with cultural resonances that signify quite differently, if they signify at all, in translation. When "tamara / sucks the demon off" the Russian reader not only thinks immediately of Lermontov's poem, but also of a whole Russian orientalist tradition of writing about the Caucuses of which that poem is a part. But Golynko's poem is also written in the context of Russia's contemporary war in Chechnya and its on-going exploitative and aggressive entanglements with the Caucuses region. These appear in the poem's dodgy deals, politically motivated violence, pornography, prostitution, and negative references to Asia and to southerners. Both "Excellent Quality" and "Tension Rises"--with their punching, pissing, and masturbation--also parody and play with the sometimes hyper-masculine gendering of Russian literature.

CM: Figure the text in four dimensions,

here and there impurities, galaxies,

whirlpools of possible meaning

as yet unresolved, rippled by gravity waves

from the splash of a stone already closed over.

JE: At one point in "Excellent Quality," Golynko imagines such a "non-Euclidian / space" but this phrase is sandwiched between "you lick your fingers" and "shall I feel someone up." The poem refuses to allow the reader or translator to remain in even non-Euclidian abstraction; it won't let you keep your hands clean.

CM: The idea is to facilitate the interchange of meaning through the surface of language, using the permeable properties of a meniscus.

JE: Or maybe a membrane. As Lisa Samuels suggests, our contact with the world is always wet. Instead of imagining a dry process of linguistic exchange, Samuels's membrane--like Cilla's meniscus and benzene molecule--stresses the permeability and the materiality of our contact with the world. In Golynko's poem, this wet contact extends to the downright mucky. Even when we read a poem on a computer we can't always avoid getting our hands dirty.

CM: This meniscus might be the poetic line, which comes between the original and the translation. A poem of mine from "Soundings" called "Via Media" is about this sort of thing:

Via media

Deep in the brain between right and left

the electromagnetic charge around the corpus callosum

aligns nerve impulses, allowing them to flow

from one hemisphere to the other.

The motto of my grandmother

was "Per via media tutissima."

When she died she was as small as a bird,

but I remember her taller.

Indeed she was a wise interface,

the signal box of her family.

This bundle of nerves is at about ear-level.

I wiggle my ears, locating the via media,

imagining the centre where the impulses align,

a grandmother at the interface wisely regulating.

Daily life flows through her fingers

and passes into dream.

Dream washes out into the daylight

and disappears like foam.

It's a poem about a translation process, in this case the communication channels between the two sides of the brain when I'm writing. You could say that the translator/poet is the corpus callosum, facilitating the exchange of meaning.

JE: What "flows through her fingers" might be just as interesting as what is grasped and communicated. We can sometimes hear those resonant gaps in the static noise that is produced. If Golynko's poems enact jarring, tension-raising encounters in language, we might not get the promised "qualitative improvement / in sensation" but certainly "we have / solicitations aplenty."

CM: The poetic line must be supple and economical. What is happening in the brain of the translator as the meaning passes across? Something quite strict and bureaucratic, diligent, meticulous, finickity, searching for correspondences, links, the right words.

JE: Though I certainly believe in diligent responsibility to the original, I'm not so confident of finding the "right words." A Molotov cocktail has a different ring and set of connotations in English. For the English reader, the exotica of central Asian grime, dodgy dealings, and war appear through another layer of Russian exotica.

Or to take another example, what happens when Velimir Khlebnikov's "Zakliatie smekhom" ("Invocation of Laughter")--a modernist poem completely rooted in the sounds of the Russian language--is translated into English? Actually, there have been some wonderful translations but they work not because they are the same but because they respond to Khlebnikov's challenge and method. Inspired by these translations, I once rewrote Khlebnikov's poem as an "Invocation of Bluffers" in homage to Cilla's hometown of Bluff. Ripped from Khlebnikov's belief in the magic of his unifying Slavic roots, translation too becomes a kind of bluff. Yet in the encounter between Russia's Northern Capital and New Zealand's Deep South, at the intersection of place and language, there is "a particular climate / created."

CM: The poem is more than a collection of words. It is an entity with its own microclimate. The translator sits at the interface which is a circle, or a circuit, rather than a wall.

JE: But the wires in this circuit are always getting crossed, double-crossed, crossed out, or crosshatched. Sometimes, it makes me cross, envious of the original's ease. The crosshatched lines "stream together." The lines intersect and go their separate ways.

CM: The word is a unit of energy rather than a checkpoint.

JE: And the translation becomes a field of criss-crossed lines. I'm interested in correspondence as "co-response," an idea I've explored in writing about Dragomoshchenko. Co-response doesn't mean we get to the right words but envisages translation as a site for communication as dialogue, as "co-making" through continuous response.

CM: The unfamiliar language in its raw literals is rather like the language of dream. Its tone, its plays on words and its root words in common with other languages link me and the unfamiliar poet via a linguistic and poetic manifold. To quote Golynko, "in order that the broken impersonality of language led to some kind of perfection."

JE: But lest we leave the brokenness too quickly for the perfection, Hejinian reminds us that although "the very writing down of a dream seems to constitute the act of discovering it . . . it is also and problematically an act of interpreting it" (139). So too with translation: when we think we have found the perfect translation, we have actually only created another interpretation. This turns out to be not a loss, but a gain--an invitation to begin the task of translation--and so of dialogue and reciprocation--again and again. "The imaginable," as the poem concludes, "drives on."