Founding of the Punjab Public Library, Lahore

Headnote

Abstract

This paper, using primary sources of historical evidence, traces the founding of the Punjab Public Library, Lahore. It briefly reviews the beginnings of subscription libraries, book clubs, station libraries and libraries for Western-Oriented Gentry (WOGs). The antecedents of the Punjab Public Library are dealt with. These led to the government initiative to create this library which had some unique features different from its contemporaries. It deals with its special features which were distinct from other contemporary libraries. Eight archival documents are reproduced in the paper. A fuller history of this library still needs to be written.

Keywords: Public libraries; Punjab Public Library; History; Pakistan

Introduction

The development of modern public libraries in South Asia is a very fascinating subject which has not been written about in full detail. There is a general lack of research literature based on primary sources. Most of what we find is derived from secondary sources that tend to be repetitious, sometime reporting historical facts that are inaccurate.

The crude idea of 'public libraries' as it was used in South Asia reflected its origin in Europe. The European experience, which began with missionary sponsored free and socially sponsored subscription libraries, was later taken over by the free tax-supported public libraries around 1850. In South Asia, the same idea marched behind the European traders and Christian missionaries that were looking for large clusters of customers, both commercial and spiritual. The traders, with whatever ultimate designs, were accompanied by superior knowledge: industrial, scientific, military, and later on political. The local environment in these areas had deteriorated and was in disarray. The weak Mughal or smaller rulers willingly allowed these trading forces to establish themselves in several cities along the southern coast. The political designs of the British matured in the occupation of Bengal in 1757 that continued to expand to other parts of India.

When did libraries accessible to the general public begin in the European dominated areas? It has been reported that in Calcutta a circulating library was created by the Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge in 1709 and a circulating library by John Andrew in 1770 (Kumar, 1977, pp.32, 35-36). As the British occupied more areas, they needed more officers for their bureaucracy. Many British officers, along with their families, were posted in cities and towns. As the need expanded, Indian officials were added to the ranks. This growth created a need for literature for the working and recreational reading of these individuals and also the educated Indian elite. This was the time when various types of libraries started to appear to cater to the needs of these individuals. I call these 'Libraries for WOGs' (Western -Oriented Gentry). Initially these were book clubs and subscription libraries which were open to those who donated their books to the collection or paid the annual membership fee. Later on, the government also started providing financial support to them. Such libraries were found in almost every city.

The first proposal to provide free access to the general public to use libraries was advanced by Lord Minto, the Governor-General, in 1811 which was rejected by the East India Company, the rulers of India (Anwar, 1990; Sharp, 1920). However, the establishment of subscription libraries for the use of WOGs, with limited financial support from the government continued in urban centers wherever the need was felt. It may be noted that the Sikh ruled areas of Punjab and the adjoining territory up to Peshawar were taken over by the British on March 29, 1849. It was then that subscription libraries began to be established in the urban areas of these annexed territories. This is what Mehta (1929, p. 64) wrote:

There existed several book-clubs at Lahore, Amritsar, and Sialkot maintained by private subscriptions. There was also a public library at Peshawar. Flourishing libraries existed at Ambala Cantonment, Ferozepur, and Simla. Most of these libraries were established after 1850.

The proceedings of the general meeting of the subscribers of the Peshawar library held on December 5, 1855 record that: "The funds and books belonging to the Staff Book Club were transferred to the library.... It was resolved that the library should be opened on the 1st January 1856, and that till then subscribers should be at liberty to avail themselves of the use of present stock of books now in charge of the Secretary" (Peshawar General Library, 1855).

It is interesting to note that the government on December 5, 1856 sent out a letter to collect information about such libraries. The letter sent out said that "Hon'ble the Court of Directors have expressed a desire to be furnished with a Statement of the places in the two Divisions of the Bengal Presidency and the Punjab where public libraries have been established, and of the assistance which has been given by Government towards their establishment" (India, Under-Secretary, 1856). The reply from the Commissioner of Lahore was: "I have honor to report ... that there are no such libraries in the districts of the Lahore Division. There are however various Book Clubs and Libraries ... which are entirely supported by private subscriptions, but they have never received grants-in-aid from Government" (Lahore, Commissioner and Superintendent, 1857).

Many writers (Bhatia, 1936; Kumar, 1977; Mehta, 1929), using a government document (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884) simply state that the Punjab Public Library was established in 1884. The present writer has not yet come across any writing that traces the developments that led to the founding of the Punjab Public Library in that year. Did the idea for this very important development prop up in the vacuum?

Purpose and source material

The purpose of this paper is to identify some earlier developments that must have played some role in taking up the issue by the government and making a decision to establish the Punjab Public Library, Lahore. None of the previous writers links any pre- 1884 developments with the creation of this library. This paper will not use secondary sources, except a few, because all later authors depend on secondary sources apart from the 1884 Resolution and essentially repeat the same facts.

The present paper, using archival sources and the evidence derived from primary sources, will try to accomplish several things. Copies of eight original public documents are attached with this paper as appendices for reference. An effort will be made to identify some of the antecedents that must have led to the idea of creating a library that would be different than those available in Lahore at that time. It will look at the vision that was behind establishing this library. It will also try to link this vision with certain developments that took place supporting that vision.

It must be admitted that the picture that would be painted in this paper can not be complete. There will still be a need for a rigorous search of archival material to write a fuller history of this idea.

Presentation and discussion of evidence

Antecedents of the public library idea

It has been mentioned above that book clubs and private subscription libraries started to develop in the Punjab immediately after the British occupation. Some of these will be mentioned here.

A printing press, known as the Lahore Chronicle Press, was established immediately after British occupation of the Punjab under British patronage with some shares owned mainly by leading indigenous business people. This was indicated by some papers available in the Punjab Archives (Punjab, Civil Secretariat, 1859). This press, managed by an Englishman, published many books, in both Oriental and English languages, a newspaper and a magazine. The Lahore Chronicle, a bi-weekly newspaper, was begun in 1849 (Khurshid, 1963) which must have given the name to the press. The earliest example of a library mentioned in the archival records is that of the Lahore Chronicle Press. About 16 months after the annexation of the Punjab, the manager of the Lahore Chronicle Press writes that "I have placed the library, attached to the Lahore Chronicle Press, at the disposal of the public of this station, for two days in the week during the months of August and September. I propose to open it, in the cold weather for four days in each week, and entertain a hope that the collection may be of some use to the inhabitants, as there is at present no public library at Lahore" (Cope, 1850). In this letter, dated August 8, 1850, to the local British administration, he requests that copies of official publications may be supplied to him for the use of library visitors. This request was duly acknowledged and approved (Punjab, Board of Administration, 1850a) and 104 books were supplied during December 1850 for the 'Public Library' attached to the Lahore Chronicle Press to be made available for public reference (Punjab, Board of Administration, 1850b).

Another was the Anarkullee [Anarkali] Library which was begun as a Station Library in November 1858 in the Anarkali tomb building. It was a continuation of a Book Club (its date of creation is not known) which could not survive due to financial difficulties. As a consequence, "It was determined to commence a new institution which, from its lower rates of subscription, would be open to almost all members of the community" (Slugget, 1860).

The Lahore Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge (also known as Anjuman-e-Punjab) established a library on 21 January 1865. The management of this library, comprising of 10 members, one British and nine Indians, asked for a grant-in-aid of Rs. 1,500 from the government (Leitner, 1865). The official concerned recommended a grant-in-aid of Rs. 500 with these remarks (Punjab, Director of Public Instruction, 1865):

Dr. Leitner, and an influential body of Native gentlemen, resident at Lahore, hold themselves responsible for the management of the library for one year. ... The Library is open to the public, free of cost, at all hours of the day, and subscribers to the Society can take books away for home perusal under certain conditions. ... This Public Library seems to be gaining in popularity among the better educated classes of Natives, and it promises to be a useful engine of civilization.

It may be noted that the Anjuman-e-Punjab was different from the groups that organized or sponsored various book clubs and subscription libraries which were initiated and dominated by the British citizens. This society brought together indigenous leadership with the help of a few sympathetic British scholars with the mission to preserve and promote Oriental scholarship and learning. Later on, it played a very important role in the creation of the University of the Punjab. The expressions of "the better educated classes of Natives" and "a useful engine of civilization" are meaningful. To this colonial official, heading the educational system in the Punjab, the better educated natives needed to be civilized!

There is also a reference to "the free public library which formerly existed in the Chauburji at Lahore" which had run into financial difficulties. "The Lahore and Meean Meer Institute had paid off certain debts contracted by the old library committee, and had taken possession of the entire library" (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a). There are also some papers that refer to the improvement of the 'Lahore Library' (Punjab, Civil Secretariat, 1860). No further details are available about this library. The archival records need to be examined to establish its identity and nature.

The foregoing selective examples show that the beginnings of some sort of libraries (known as 'Station Staff', book club, society, subscription, and even business-based) accessible to at least the educated elite, both British and Indian, were established soon after the annexation of the Punjab. Some of these libraries allowed the educated Indians to consult their collection on-site without becoming subscribing members. This ground naturally worked as a springboard to launch libraries that were to be somewhat different than these.

Antecedents of the Punjab Public Library

It seems that the service provided by the book clubs, station staff, and subscription libraries must have fallen deficient in meeting the needs of those who used them and faced financial problems that could not be overcome by their managers. It is evident that the needs, in terms of both resources and funding, were growing to meet the user demands. The users of the services provided by these libraries were very influential persons. They must have discussed the issues among themselves and with the government officials. These deliberations must have examined a number of possible solutions. One needs to have access to the related papers, if these have survived, to understand as to what was going on.

Then, one fine morning, on 8 November 1884, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, issues a very well thought-out resolution. One of the paragraphs of this Resolution reads (Punjab, LieutenantGovernor, 1884):

The Lieutenant-Governor is anxious to establish at Lahore a Public Library of Reference which shall be open to all classes of the community. The Library would include official publications as well as general literature, both Oriental and of other kinds. The idea is not merely to combine in one place portions of departmental libraries not required for immediate reference by the several departments of Government, but to found an institution of a thoroughly public character which shall be of benefit to the province at large.

The Lieutenant-Governor, in the text of the Resolution, appoints a committee of six eminent persons, five British and one Indian, "to consider and advise upon this question", i.e., the establishment of a Public Library of Reference at Lahore.

Was there a book club or subscription library established earlier, perhaps bigger than others and managed by influential individuals, facing financial difficulties and eventually seeking government support or intervention? The meticulous and sustained activity that followed this Resolution, evident from the documents available, indicates that this development did not happen in a vacuum. This possibility is indicated by another paragraph of the Resolution which is as follows (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884):

5. The proposals formerly entertained in regard to a Central Library of reference should be further considered by the present Committee, and such recommendations made upon that subject as may seem suitable in the altered circumstances of the case.

The altered circumstances were the creation of the intended library. The Punjab Public Library, with a vision, completely different from those that had existed before, was thus born.

There are several related questions that need to be settled? Was there an immediate predecessor of the Punjab Public Library which was used as the basis for this new library? If there was, did it face financial difficulties to expand its resources and services and asked for government support? Was there, as evident from the paragraph reproduced above, a strong movement to create a Central Library for the whole of Punjab? Was there any suggestion to provide a legal basis to such an entity if created? These and such other questions can be answered by finding and studying archival records many years older than the 1884 Resolution.

Founding of the Punjab Public Library and its vision

Before we examine the founding principles of the Punjab Public Library, it seems appropriate to look at the pattern of public library development in British colonial India. As detailed in the foregoing sections, the earlier development was focused on catering to the reading and working needs of the Western-Oriented Gentry (WOGS) in a variety of forms such as proprietary libraries, subscription libraries, station (military) libraries, book clubs, etc. The case of a library, the Calcutta Public Library which eventually became the National Library of India in 1948, is pertinent to our discussion. The details of the development of this library are given by Kumar (1977) as follows. J. H. Stocquel, editor of the daily Englishman drafted a scheme in 1835 as a result of which "a public library was established ... in the apartment of Dr. E. P. Strang's house" (p. 53) which was made open to the public in 1836 (p. 54). However, this library, owned by some proprietors, was managed by a council elected from the proprietors and subscribers. It was only in 1880 that its council made an appeal for a grant-in-aid of Rs. 200 per month from the government (p. 67). Whether this grant was given is not known. In 1888, a suggestion was made "to transfer ... the library ... to the Municipality of Calcutta ... to be maintained ... as a free public library" (p. 74). It was only in 1899 that the government through "Lord Curzon purchased the shares of the proprietors of Calcutta Public Library" (p. 79). This was the first time the government took direct interest in this library. Three years later, it became the Imperial Library under an Act after paying Rs. 500 to each founder subscriber (p. 80).

The development of the Punjab Public Library followed a totally different course. Some details still need to be unearthed from the archives. However, there are certain clear-cut features that emerged as a result of the 1884 Resolution. These features include: popular movement, strong government initiative, independent library building, public funding, collection development and organization, free access to all, a central library, and the appointment of a librarian. These developments need to be briefly recorded until a fuller history of this institution is written.

Popular movement: In addition to the antecedents mentioned above, a very strong popular movement for the creation of a university in the Punjab province had developed after the creation of universities in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857. As a result, the government decided, in August 1869, "that an institution be provided at Lahore, under some such title as the "University College", having power to grant certificates", but not degrees (Bruce, 1933, pp. 9-10). This college was subsequently expanded and renamed as the University of the Punjab in 1882 (Anwar, 1982). During these years the proposals for creating a public library must have been discussed in the public circles of which the government officials were aware. That is why the 1884 Resolution acknowledges that "The proposals formerly entertained in regard to a Central Library of reference should be further considered by the present committee" (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884). This does not seem to have happened in the case of other public libraries created earlier in British India.

Considering the material presented earlier, it is reasonable to conclude that there was a persuasive public demand, supported by some sympathetic and forward-looking Englishmen, for the development of educational and related institutions in the Punjab. The development of freely available public libraries was part of that initiative the cognizance of which was taken by the government in due course of time. As a result, the Punjab Public Library was created in 1884 through a Resolution issued by the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab. The library was inaugurated by him on December 31, 1885. On this occasion, a number of worthy donations in the form of valuable collections were made by eminent locals as well as some Englishmen. Among others, these included 75 books given by the previous governor, the personal library of Sardar Atar Singh, Rais of Bhador, and 2,500 books donated by the famous publisher, Nawal Kishore. These collections consisted of rare and valuable Urdu and Persian publications. It may be interesting to note that the first book entered into the library records was Dar alShifa, a book in Punjabi (Sajid, p. 5-6). Donations in books and money continued to flow to the library throughout of its history.

Strong government initiative: The 1884 Resolution demonstrates a strong official commitment "to found an institution of a thoroughly public character which shall be of benefit to the Province at large" (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884). "This institution has been established, at the desire and with the assistance of the Punjab Government, in order to provide a Public Library for the use of all classes in the province" (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884b, p. 2). The Committee asked the government "(a) to pay a temporary establishment; and (b) to make a grant to the library for the present and future years" (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, p. 3). The library was registered as a society under the ACT XXI of 1860. Its governing body consisted of 19 highly placed individuals - 13 British and six Indian. They included two judges, four professors, and three lawyers, with the Chief Secretary to Punjab Government and the Deputy Commissioners of Lahore and Gujranwala on it (Punjab Public Library, 1891a). A perusal of the names indicates the importance given to the newly established library.

The strong interest of the government in the Punjab Public Library is also evident from the fact that even the minutes of the meetings of its Committee were published in the Punjab Government Gazette. It may be noted that, according to the constitution of the Punjab Public Library, the Government was its legal owner. The related provisions are as follows (Punjab Public Library, 1891b):

19. The Punjab Government shall, in consideration of its interest, in the "Punjab Public Library," have the reversionary right in the books, furniture and other property of the Library in the event of its dissolution, and shall further have power to dispose of the same in such manner as to it may seem fit, and as shall be in accordance with law.

20. The Library may be dissolved with the consent of the Punjab Government, but not otherwise.

Independent library building: The importance given to the library is reflected in the building that it occupies and who owns it. The Committee, which was established by the 1884 Resolution and authorized to "select a place in Lahore for the accommodation of the Library" (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884), decided in its first meeting as follows (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a):

It was considered that the first step necessary towards the formation of a Public Library at Lahore, was to obtain the use of a suitable building which could be used until a special building should be erected for the purpose. The Committee thought that the Lawrence or Montgomery Hall was not well situated for a public library, as they were too far from the city and the public offices. It was suggested that the Chauburji near the Museum, which had for many years been used as a library building, and which was at present unoccupied, might be available. It was agreed that the Chauburji building would meet the requirements of the committee for some time to come; and the Secretary was requested to address the Commissioner of Lahore, and other local authorities, with a view to having the building made over to the committee as soon as possible.

The government eventually "sanctioned the transfer of the building to the Committee, and that the President was authorized to take possession at once" (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884b). It is irony of fate that the majestic Montgomery Hall which was not considered suitable in 1884 was turned over to a new library one hundred years later. The Mughal structure, known as Chauburji, still stands in the compound of the Punjab Public Library and is being used along with three other buildings added later. Such a status was not achieved by the Calcutta Public Library for quite some time.

Public funding: The provision of public funds is an indicator of the government interest in any public service and a guarantee for its continuity and further development. The 1884 Resolution stipulates that "The Committee ... will consider what grant should be asked for out of Provincial funds" (Punjab Lieutenant-Governor, 1884, item 6). In pursuant of this guideline, the Committee, in its first meeting held on November 8, 1884, decided (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, p. 3):

12. It was agreed that Government should be asked:

(a) to pay a temporary establishment; and

(b) to make a grant to the library for the present and future years.

In order to give the library a fair opportunity of being placed on a satisfactory footing to commence with, it was thought that Rs. 5, 000 would be necessary in the present year, and Rs. 10,000 next year. Government was also to be asked:

(c) to put the library fund on the basis of an excluded local fund in the public accounts;

(d) to give the Committee complete authority to deal with all monies granted to it, whether for books or establishments;

(e) to grant the Committee authority to purchase books direct from Europe.

In its second meeting held on December 17, 1884, the Committee sanctioned a sum of Rs. 600 for the purchase of some furniture and fittings (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884b, item 3) which meant that the funding had been provided by the Government. It is also interesting that the Government had recommended that the District Boards in the province should make contributions to the library fund, a practice which had continued throughout the life of the library (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1891, item 4; Rahim Khan, 1971).

Collection development and organization: The 1884 Resolution not only desired the rapid growth of the book collection but was also concerned about its quality when it stipulated that (Punjab. LieutenantGovernor, 1884):

Individuals, departments and institutions, whether at Lahore or in any other parts of the Province, will be invited to subscribe books to form the nucleus of the Library. Arrangements will be made for the selection of books out of those which may be offered in the first instance by the Committee, and subsequently by a Librarian and a Standing Committee at Lahore.

The Punjab Public Library Committee discussed issues of the scope of the collection and the method of its classification in its very first meeting. The library encouraged and received donations of books from both individuals and institutions (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, items, 5, 8 and 16). These details amply point out a concerted effort to develop very quickly a reasonably good library through both public and private collaboration. Such coordinated work is rarely seen in the development of other libraries at that time.

Free access to all: The spirit of a public library is to be open to all the members of the community in which it is established. The 1884 Resolution begins with a 'mission' statement that the library "shall be open to all classes of the community [and] should be open to the public without charge, subject only to such guarantees for the respectability of the persons using it as the committee may recommend, and may be approved by Government" (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884). This mission was further strengthened by the Memorandum of Association in the following words (Punjab Public Library, 1891a):

(a) To provide a Public Library for the use of all classes of the community, which shall contain official publications as well as general literature, both Oriental and of other kinds.

(b) To provide a Reading Room which shall be open to the public free of charge.

The subscribers and life members were allowed to borrow books under certain conditions (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, item 7). It is apparent from the provisions reported above that this library was to be different from the Calcutta Public Library in terms of free access to the public right from its beginning.

A central library: The possibility of establishing a Central Library, perhaps for the use of officials, was being discussed in official and public circles prior to the issuance of the 1884 Resolution. The idea was to create a 'Central Library of Reference' for the whole province. The 1884 Resolution acknowledges those discussions as follows (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884):

5. The proposals formerly entertained in regard to a Central Library of reference should be further considered by the present Committee, and such recommendations made upon that subject as may seem suitable in the altered circumstances of the case.

What was meant by making suitable recommendations in the altered circumstances? The change was the creation of the Punjab Public Library. Was the government giving a hint to the Committee that they might consider and recommend this library to be the Central Library? Asking the District Boards to contribute funds towards the maintenance of the Punjab Public Library and making it open all the people of the province point to that. The Punjab Public Library Committee deliberated on this issue in its first meeting. Its minutes include the following details (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, item6):

6. The best means of collecting books for the Library were then considered. Mr. Ibbetson stated that he had a number of books in the Book Depot which had been supplied for the purposes of the Central Library, in anticipation of its being formed.

A number of catalogues of the libraries attached to Government offices and departments, which had been collected in the course of correspondence which had resulted in the Resolution of Government constituting the committee, were laid before the meeting. It was decided that each catalogue should be sent to two members of the committee for examination, and that they would be asked to mark such books as were not required for the Central Library. When this had been done the offices and departments would be invited to contribute such of the remainder, as were not indispensable necessary for official purposes, to the Central Library.

The Secretary was requested to report to the committee as to what other libraries should be invited to send their catalogues to the Committee and to make contributions.

Was the proposal for creating a Central Library of reference, for the use of officials, abandoned after the foundation of the Punjab Public Library? The available documents are silent on this.

The central library idea was picked up by the All-India Conference of Librarians held in Lahore in 1918 and became the subject of one of its resolutions (All-India Conference, 1918) which "recommended the establishment of provincial central libraries and it was decided in consultation with the Punjab Government that the Punjab Public Library should act as the Central Library for the Punjab, N.W.F. & the Punjab states. The scheme operated very usefully till it had to be abandoned on account of financial stringency" (Bhatia, 1936). This subject is treated in much more detail by Labhaya (1933). Again, this was a unique feature of this library.

Appointment of a librarian: A library without adequate staff led by a librarian can not provide suitable service to its clients. The 1884 Resolution realized it fully well and mentioned the role of the librarian in collection development and further provided that the Committee should consider as to "what should be done in regard to the appointment of a Librarian and any clerks or menial establishment which may be thought necessary" (Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor, 1884, items 4 and 6). The question of initial staff was taken up by the Committee in its first meeting (Punjab Public Library Committee, 1884a, item 4):

4. The question of establishments was then considered. After some discussion, it was agreed that a clerk and messenger should be engaged at once, and that, if necessary, a daftari and chaukidar might be entertained; an expenditure of Rs. 60 per mensem being thought sufficient to begin with.

The President remarked that the appointment of a Librarian would require careful consideration. If possible the person selected should be an Oriental scholar. The consideration of the matter might, however, be very well deferred for some time.

Later on, the Committee sanctioned the temporary establishment (Punjab Library Committee, 1884b, item 4). So, this library began with a full-time staff paid from its own budget.

Concluding remarks

The foregoing sections amply bring out some unique features of the Punjab Public Library which were not only forward-looking but were progressive in comparison with any contemporary library in British India. This library enjoyed both official and private support and continued to flourish in the coming decades. This paper has tried briefly to look at the beginnings of the library in both its historical and contemporary environment. There is still a need to write a fuller history of this unique institution.

Ultimately, the Government of Punjab using its reversionary rights took over its full managerial control in 2009, after 125 years and re-named it as the "Government Punjab Public Library Lahore" - an interesting name (Punjab, Higher Education Department, 2009).

References

References

All-India Conference of Librarians (1918). Proceedings... Lahore, 4-8 January 1918. Simla: Govt. Monotype Press.

Anwar, Mumtaz Ali (1982). Founding of the Punjab University Library. Pakistan Library Bulletin, /.3(3-4), 51-56.

Anwar, Mumtaz Ali (1990). The roots of a free public library movement in South Asia. Pakistan Library Bulletin, 21(3-4), 12-17.

Bhatia, Sant Ram (1936). The library movement in the Punjab. The Modern Librarian, 6, 87-97.

Bruce, J. F. (1933). A history of the University of the Punjab. Lahore.

Cope, Henry. (1850). Letter dated 8 August 1850 from Mr. Henry Cope, Manager, Lahore Chronicle Press to the Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department: Proceedings 17th August 1850, Nos. 32-33.

India, Under-Secretary (1856). Letter No. 6013 dated 5 December 1856 from the Under-Secretary to the Government of India to the Chief Commissioner, Punjab. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department: Proceedings 27 December 1856, Nos. 29-30.

Khurshid, Abdussalaam. (1963). Sahaafat Pakistan-o-Hind mein [in Urdu]. Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqy-eAdab.

Kumar, P. S. G. (1977). Indian library chronology. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

Labhaya, Ram (1933). The Punjab Central Library scheme: An attempt towards realization. The Modern Librarian, 3, 160-161.

Lahore, Commissioner and Superintendent (1857). Letter No. 34 dated 19 February 1857 from Offg. Commissioner and Superintendent Lahore Division to Offg. Secretary to the Chief Commissioner for the Punjab. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Proceedings of the General Department, 11th April 1857, Nos. 21-28.

Leitner, G. W. (1865). Letter from Dr. G. W. Leitner, President of the Lahore Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge to the Director of Public Instruction, dated 18th December 1865. In: Punjab, Education Department. [Proceedings January 1866], p. 11.

Mehta, H . R. (1929). A history of the gowth and development of western education in the Punjab (18461884). Lahore: Punjab Govt. Record Office.

Peshawar General Library (1855). Proceedings of a General Meeting of Subscribers to the Peshawar General Library, December 5th, 1855. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Proceedings of the G e ne ral Department: 11th April 1857, Nos. 21-28.

Punjab, Board of Administration. (1850a). Letter No. 1234 dated 14 August 1850 from the Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab, to Mr. Cope, Manager, Lahore Chronicle Press. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department: Proceedings 17th August 1850, Nos. 3233.

Punjab, Board of Administration. (1850b). Letter No. 1693 dated 7th December 1850 from the Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department: Proceedings 7th December 1850, No. 81.

Punjab, Civil Secretariat. (1859). Shares in the Lahore Chronicle Press held by rebels. Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department, 19 March 1859, Sr. No. 136, Nos. 8-9.

Punjab, Civil Secretariat. (1860). Improvement of Lahore Library. Punjab, Civil Secretariat. Press list of records in the General Department, 5 May 1860, Sr. No. 688, Nos. 64-66.

Punjab, Director of Public Instruction. (1865). Letter from the Director of Public Instruction, Punjab, to the Secretary to Government, Punjab, No. 449, dated 23rd December, 1865. In: Punjab, Education Department. [Proceedings January 1886], p. 10-11.

Punjab, Higher Education Department. (2009). Notification No. S.O.(A-IV)2-9/2006, dated Lahore 8th May 2009.

Punjab, Lieutenant-Governor (1884). Proceedings of the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, in the Home (General) Department, No. 2798 dated Lahore, 8th November 1884. Punjab Gazette, November 13, p. 1111-1112.

Punjab Public Library (1891a). Memorandum of association of the Punjab Public Library, Lahore.

Punjab Public Library (1891b). Rules of the Punjab Public Library. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.

Punjab Public Library Committee (1884a). [Minutes of the] I - Meeting 1884 [held on 12th November 1884].

Punjab Public Library Committee (1884b). [Minutes of] II. Meeting 1884 [held on 17 December 1884].

Punjab Public Library Committee (1891). [Minutes of] V. - Meeting 1891 held on October 13, 1891.

Rahim Khan, A. (1971). Lahore ke 'awaami kutub khaaney(in Urdu). Unpublished paper read at Shaame-Hamdard at the Intercontinental Hotel, Lahoreon September 2, 1971.

Sajid, Abdul Majeed Khan (1975). Punjab Public Library: Eikjai'zahÇm Urdu). (Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Library Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore).

Sharp, H. (1920). Extracts from a minute, dated the 6th March 1811, by Lord Minto. In; India, Bureau of Education: Selections from educational records: Part I, 1781-1839. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, p. 19-21.

Slugget, C. (1860). Memo dated 18 June 1860 sent by Revd. C. Slugget on the Anarkullee Library to the LL-Governor's Office, Punjab. In: Punjab, Civil Secretariat, General Dept. Proceedings, 30th June 1860, Nos. 49-50.

Appendix

Appendix 1