Janus Kinase 2 Polymorphisms Are Associated with Risk in Patients with Gastric Cancer in a Chinese Population

Abstract

Aim

To evaluate the impact of the Janus kinase 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on gastric cancer risk.

Methods

In this hospital-based, case–control study, the genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism protocols in 661 individuals (359 gastric cancer patients and 302 age and sex matched cancer-free controls).

Results

Both the frequency of A allele in rs2230724 and G allele in rs1887427 were more frequent in patients with gastric cancer (P = 0.013 and 0.001, respectively). Compared with the common genotype, subjects with the (AG+AA) genotypes of rs2230724 and the (AG+GG) genotypes of rs1887427 had a 59% and 98% increased risk of developing gastric cancer, respectively (P = 0.010, adjusted OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.12–2.27; P<0.001, adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39–2.81, respectively). Further stratified analysis showed that the association between the risk of gastric cancer and the rare genotypes of rs2230724 were more profound in the subgroups of elder individuals (>56 years), males, nonsmokers and urban subjects, while the association between the risk and the rare genotypes of rs1887427 persisted in subgroups of younger individuals (≤56 years), males, nonsmokers and both of rural and urban subjects.

Conclusion

The JAK2 gene rs2230724 and rs1887427 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population.

About the Authors:

Li Yang

Contributed equally to this work with: Li Yang, Dongxiao Liu, Song Liang

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Dongxiao Liu

Contributed equally to this work with: Li Yang, Dongxiao Liu, Song Liang

Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South-east University, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, China

Song Liang

Contributed equally to this work with: Li Yang, Dongxiao Liu, Song Liang

Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Renhua Guo

Affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Zhihong Zhang

Affiliation: Department of Medical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Hao Xu

Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Chao Yang

Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Yi Zhu

Affiliations Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Jiangsu Province Academy of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tumor Biology, Nanjing, China

Introduction

Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1], [2]. It is widely accepted that gastric carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep and multifactorial process involving genetic and epigenetic alteration of protein-coding protooncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes [3]. Genetic polymorphisms have been considered as the main genetic elements in the development of various diseases, including gastric cancer. Although the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear, genetic polymorphisms are thought to play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis [4]. Moreover, our previous epidemiologic studies also provided the evidence that the risk of gastric cancer was associated with genetic polymorphisms [5], [6], [7], [8].

The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a member of the family of tyrosine kinases (TKs) involved in cytokine receptor signaling. It is a key component of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling [9]. It has been shown to participate in multifarious crucial biological responses related to diverse processes during embryogenesis, cell proliferation, cell survival and carcinogenesis [9], [10], [11], [12]. The JAK/STAT pathway appears to be active in many solid tumors, including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer as well as in hematologic malignancies [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]. In addition, JAK2/STAT3 pathway is closely associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis in colon cancer and ovarian cancer [18], [19]. Zhou et al. also found that the activation of JAK2 signaling pathway was likely to be associated with Helicobacter pylori-cytotoxin-associated protein A (CagA) induced high expression of gastrin in gastric cancer cells, which might be a main cause of stomach carcinogenesis [13]. Furthermore, it was reported that JAK2 was an oncogene and down-regulating the expression of JAK2 could significantly suppress the proliferation of gastric cancer cells [20].

The gene for JAK2 is located on chromosomal region 9p24.1. To date, several JAK2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified that they were significantly associated with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET), including rs7046736, rs10815148, rs12342421, rs10758669, rs3808850 and rs10974947 [21]. Recently, JAK2 SNP rs10758669 was also reported to be associated with increasd susceptibility for Crohn’s disease (CD) [22], [23]. It is reported that SNPs in the coding region could affect the gene expression, while variants located in the promoter region of a gene predominantly affect the transcriptional activity and then the gene expression [24]. Among the SNPs, rs2230724 is a coding exonic SNP and rs1887427 is an upstream promoter’s SNP, and their change might play a role in the transcriptional activity and expression of JAK2 gene.

However, the role of JAK mutations in solid tumors is emerging, and it has been proposed that mutations identified so far may just be the tip of the iceberg [25]. Recently, a study reported that the JAK2 V617F mutation led to constitutive signaling through the JAK2 TK, resulting in increased cellular proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in hematopoietic cells [26]. Given the importance and the potential biological mechanism of rs2230724 and rs1887427, we propose that the JAK2 polymorphisms may be contribute to the differences in susceptibility and severity of gastric cancer. In this work, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted to examine the association between the JAK2 polymorphisms and the risk of development or progression of gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population.

Materials and Methods

Ethics Statement

This study was conducted in Jiangsu Province in east of China. Before the research was conducted, ethical board approval from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University was obtained, and all of the subjects provided written informed consent.

Subjects

This hospital-based case-control study comprised of 359 gastric cancer cases and 302 cancer-free controls. All cases were consecutively recruited at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between 2009 and 2010, and were diagnosed with gastric cancer based on histopathological evaluation. Those with secondary, recurrent tumors were excluded. All controls were randomly selected in the Department of General Surgery during the same period, without any history or diagnosis of malignancies and genetic disease. They were matched with the cases on age (±5 years) and sex. All of the subjects were unrelated Han nationality and from Jiangsu Province or its surrounding regions. The tumor histological grade was assessed according to World Health Organization criteria and was staged using the TNM staging of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC)/American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system (2002). All sample data, including age, gender, weight, residence, hypertension, diabetes, smoke, tumor location, histological grade, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage were obtained by questionnaire or from the clinical and pathologic records. Individuals who formerly or currently smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day for at least 2 years were defined as smokers.

Genotyping

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by standard techniques. The protocol for genomic DNA extraction was described in our previous study [8]. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was used to identify the JAK2 gene polymorphisms. The PCR was performed in a total volume of 20 µL reaction mixtures containing 2 µL 10× PCR buffer (MBI Fermentas), 1.75 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.15 mmol/L dNTP, 1 unit Taq polymerase (MBI fermentas), 150 ng genomic DNA and 0.25 µmol/L each primer (F-5′-TATTTGAGTTTCCCTGTATC-3′ and R-5′-CCTTGCCAAGTTGCTGTA-3′ for rs2230724; F-5′-TGTGGATGGGAAACCTAA-3′ and R-5′-AACTTCTACTCCTGCTTGG-3′ for rs1887427). For PCR amplification, after an initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 50°C for rs2230724 (54°C for rs1887427) for 30 s and elongation at 72°C for 60 s, with a final elongation at 72°C for 5 min.

For RFLP, The 267-bp and 261-bp PCR products of JAK2 polymorphisms (rs2230724 and rs1887427) were digested by the restriction enzyme BstNI and Bsu36I (New England BioLabs), 5 units for 16 h at 60°C and 37°C, respectively, followed by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel. For rs2230724, the common genotype homozygotes (GG) produced two bands at 183 and 84 bp, while the rare genotype homozygotes (AA) produced one band at 267 bp, and the heterozygous (AG) produced three bands at 267, 183 and 84 bp (Figure 1A). As for rs1887427, the common genotype homozygotes (AA) produced one band at 261 bp, while the rare genotype homozygotes (GG) produced two bands at 151 and 110 bp and the heterozygous (AG) produced three bands at 261, 151 and 110 bp (Figure 1B). About 10% of the samples were randomly selected to do the repeated assays for confirmation, and the results were 100% concordant. The genotypes of rs2230724 and rs1887427 were confirmed by direct sequencing (Figure 2). Two researchers, blinded to the clinical data, scored the genotypes independently.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Figure 1. Digestion of PCR products by restriction enzymes.

(A) Genotypes of rs2230724, Lanes 1–3 and 8 AG heterozygous (267, 183 and 84 bp); lane 4 AA homozygotes (267 bp); lanes 5–7 GG homozygotes (183 and 84 bp). (B) Genotypes of rs1887427, lanes 14 and 16 GG homozygotes (151 and 110 bp); lanes 9–11 and 15 AA homozygotes (261 bp); lanes 12 and 13 AG heterozygous (261, 151 and 110 bp).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.g001

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Figure 2. Direct sequencing results for the JAK2 gene rs2230724 and rs1887427 polymorphisms.

The polymorphisms were detected by RFLP and confirmed by direct PCR sequencing. The single base directed with a black arrowhead was the SNP site. (A), (B) and (C) Representatives of GG, AG, AA genotypes of rs2230724 by direct DNA sequencing, respectively. (D), (E) and (F) Representatives of AA, AG, GG genotypes of rs1887427 by direct DNA sequencing, respectively.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.g002

Statistical Analysis

All the analyses were carried out with the SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and were based on two-tailed probability. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. Quantitative variables departing from the normal distribution were summarized as median and analyzed by Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Pearson’ χ2 test was used to test the difference in the distribution of categorical variables. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of the JAK2 genotypes was evaluated by a goodness-of-fit χ2 test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between the polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer. The crude OR was assessed using the Woolf approximation method and the adjusted OR was computed by unconditional logistic regression method with adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, residence, hypertension and diabetes.

Results

Demographic Information

A total of 661 subjects (359 cases and 302 controls) were analyzed in this study. Demographic characteristics of the study participants were shown in Table 1. The age and gender were well matched in the case and control groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in weight, smoking status, residence, history of hypertension, and diabetes between the case and control group.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 1. Demographic information.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.t001

Distribution of JAK2 Genotype in Cases and Controls and Risk Estimates

For the polymorphisms of JAK2 (rs2230724 and rs1887427), the risks of carrying the rare genotypes were compared between the gastric cancer case and control groups, as shown in Table 2. There was no evidence for departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in cases or controls (P>0.05 for all).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 2. Distributions of the JAK2 genotype in cases and controls and risk estimates.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.t002

To our data, there were significant differences of allele and genotype frequency between gastric cancer patients and cancer-free controls. As to the rs2230724, the A allele frequency was significantly higher in the case group (52.1%; P = 0.013, OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06–1.64) than in the control group (45.2%). With the GG genotype as reference, the genotypes (AG+AA) were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.010, adjusted OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.12–2.27) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, residence, hypertension, and diabetes. Moreover, the AG heterozygotes had a 52% increased risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.030, adjusted OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04–2.21), and the AA homozygotes had a 79% increased risk (P = 0.011, adjusted OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.14–2.81).

Considering the JAK2 polymorphism rs1887427, individuals with G allele had a 68% increased risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.001, adjusted OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.24–2.26). In addition, compared with the AA genotype, a significant association existed between (AG and GG) genotypes and patients with gastric cancer adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, residence, hypertension and diabetes (P<0.001, adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39–2.81). Moreover, individuals with the AG heterozygotes were also increased in the patients compared with the gastric cancer-free controls (P<0.001, adjusted OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.39–2.90).

Stratified Analysis of Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk

As shown in Table 3, the results of stratified analyses by the median age of controls (56 years), sex, smoking status and residence with the JAK2 variant genotypes were performed. Considering the JAK2 polymorphism rs2230724, the increased risk of gastric cancer associated with the rare genotypes was significant in subjects ages >56 years (P = 0.002, adjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.36–3.71), but not in subjects ages ≤56 years. In addition, the rare genotypes were associated with a 59% increased risk of gastric cancer in males subjects (P = 0.036, adjusted OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.03–2.45), whereas the association was not statistically significant in females subjects. Stratification by smoking status revealed a significant association of the polymorphism with an elevated gastric cancer risk for nonsmokers (P = 0.004, adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.21–2.72), but not in smokers. In urban subjects, the rare genotypes were associated with a 143% increased risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.001, adjusted OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.42–4.17), whereas the association was not statistically significant in rural subjects.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 3. Stratified analyses for variant JAK2 genotypes in cases and controls.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.t003

The JAK2 polymorphism rs1887427 showed that a significantly elevated risk associated with the rare genotypes was found for younger subjects (ages ≤56 years; P<0.001, adjusted OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.51–3.91) but not in older subjects (ages >56 years). In male subjects, the rare genotypes were associated with a 118% increased risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.001, adjusted OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.40–3.39), whereas the association was not statistically significant in female subjects. Stratification by smoking status revealed a significant association of the polymorphism with an elevated gastric cancer risk for nonsmokers (P<0.001, adjusted OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.59–3.55), but not in smokers. What`'s more, the rare genotypes were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer both in urban and rural subjects (P<0.001, adjusted OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.55–4.64 and P = 0.041, adjusted OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.02–2.62, respectively).

We also analyzed the associations between the JAK2 rare genotypes and clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer patients in our study (Table 4). However, no significant correlation was observed with the clinicopathologic variables.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 4. Associations between variant JAK2 genotypes and clinicopathologic characteristics of gastric cancer.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628.t004

Discussion

JAK2 kinase is a member of the family of TKs involved in activation of several distinct intracellular signaling pathways. It is well known that JAK2 is a key component of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling [9]. JAKs can also stimulate the activity of kinase PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which inhibits apoptosis and stimulates cellular proliferation [19], [26]. Several epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between the dysfunction of JAK2 and a variety of human diseases, including cancer [9], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [27]. Importantly, Pham et al. [28]showed that the activation of JAK/STAT pathway participated in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Ding et al. [20] also reported that down-regulating the expression of JAK2 could significantly suppress the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, JAK2 might be crucial for the coordinated proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis of gastric cancer.

In our current hospital-based case–control study, we detected the effect of JAK2 rs2230724 and rs1887427 gene polymorphisms on gastric cancer. Compared with the common genotype, subjects with the (AG+AA) genotypes of rs2230724 and the (AG+GG) genotypes of rs1887427 had a 59% and 98% increased risk of developing gastric cancer, respectively. Further stratified analysis showed that the association between the risk of gastric cancer and the rare genotypes of rs2230724 were more profound in the subgroups of elder individuals (>56 years), males, nonsmokers and urban subjects, while the association between the risk and the rare genotypes of rs1887427 persisted in subgroups of younger individuals (≤56 years), males, nonsmokers and both of rural and urban subjects. According to our data, we for the first time found that the functional JAK2 polymorphisms conferred an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population.

Recently, great advances were made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the polymorphisms of JAK2 in patients with various diseases, including hematologic malignancies and Crohn's disease [21], [22], [23], [29]. For example, rs2230724, a new SNP of JAK2, was associated with the susceptibility of acute leukemia and its subtypes. The A allele of rs2230724 was considered to be an important genetic determinant for acute leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia [29]. Moreover, Lee et al. [30] found that JAK2 SNP rs1887427 played major roles in prognosis and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) response in patients with head and neck cancer. Patients with all 3 wild genotypes (JAK2 rs1887427 and two other gene polymorphisms) had a 76% reduction in second primary tumor (SPT)/recurrence following 13-cRA chemoprevention [30]. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there is still no report on the association between JAK2 polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer. Based on these previous observations, this hospital-based case-control study was conducted to assess the role of JAK2 SNPs in gastric cancer. Our results showed that both the frequency of A allele in rs2230724 and G allele in rs1887427 were higher in patients with gastric cancer. The prevalence of A allele of rs2230724 was 45.2% in the control group, which was similar to another study in a Chinese population (44.0%) [29]. While the frequency of the G allele of rs1887427 was 12.9% in our control group, which was in the range of those in previous reports including the NCBI data (11.9% and 27.0% about Asian). It is probably that the study design, differences in sample size, selection of individuals and ethnic background can partly explain the inconsistence observed in this study and the others.

In the subgroup analyses, we found that JAK2 polymorphisms were associated with increased the risk of gastric cancer in males and nonsmokers. In general, gastric cancer is more common among men and smokers. A previous study has reported that noncardia cancer was more common in males than females by a ratio of approximately 2∶1 and gastric cardia cancer had a higher male-to-female ratio, of up to nearly 4.1∶1 in a Chinese population [31]. Our data suggest that JAK2 polymorphisms may play an important role in men with gastric cancer. However, the influence of these gene polymorphisms on gastric cancer was more critical in nonsmokers in this study. Cigarette smoke is confirmed to be an independent risk factor of gastric cancer [32]. The association between the polymorphism and gastric cancer risk could be masked by the overwhelming accumulated exposure to tobacco carcinogens in smokers so that the association is more evident in nonsmokers [7]. Further studies are required to detect if the JAK2 activity and its potential relevant cytokines are more prone to male and nonsmoker with gastric cancer.

As the age and residence are potential confounding factors for susceptibility of gastric cancer, we adjusted the variable of age and residence in the subgroup analyses. However, the association in the subgroup of age and residence with gastric cancer risk is inconsistent. Stratified results revealed that risk associated with the rare genotypes of rs2230724 was more profound in the subgroups of elder individuals (>56 years) and urban subjects; that the risk associated with the rare genotypes of rs1887427 persisted in subgroups of younger individuals (≤56 years) and both subgroups of rural and urban subjects. Therefore, further studies with larger sample size are required to verify the association between the polymorphisms and gastric cancer progression.

Our study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small, which may have led to weak statistical significance. In this study, although the prevalence of AG genotype of rs2230724 was not significantly different (52.4% vs. 49.3%, respectively) in the cohort of cases and negative cohort, the ratio of the prevalence of AG and GG (the reference) was significantly different (2.41 in cases vs. 1.64 in controls), which was also indicated by the low P value (P = 0.030) for the adjusted OR, suggesting an important role of JAK2 gene rs2230724 polymorphism in the risk of gastric cancer. Secondly, Helicobacter pylori is an independent risk factor for gastric cancer, but we did not explore the variable, because it was unethical to do the Helicobacter pylori test for every subject, especially for controls. Thirdly, in the subgroup analysis, we did not investigate the risk association with Lauren's classification, alcoholic drinking status and so on. Because all cases were consecutively recruited at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between 2009 and 2010 and we did not collect the clinical data of Lauren's classification, alcoholic drinking status et al. at that time. In our future study, we will definitely consider the related issues. Nevertheless, our results provided interesting information and valuable insights to future studies in this area.

In conclusion, our study for the first time demonstrates that the JAK2 gene rs2230724 and rs1887427 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese Han population. Further studies with larger sample size and in different population are required to verify our initial observations.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LY DXL. Performed the experiments: DXL SL. Analyzed the data: DXL SL RHG ZHZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RHG ZHZ HX CY YZ. Wrote the paper: DXL SL LY.

Citation: Yang L, Liu D, Liang S, Guo R, Zhang Z, Xu H, et al. (2013) Janus Kinase 2 Polymorphisms Are Associated with Risk in Patients with Gastric Cancer in a Chinese Population. PLoS ONE 8(5): e64628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064628

References

1. Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (2005) Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 366: 1784–1793.

2. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J (1999) Erratum: Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Int. J. Cancer, 83, 18–29 (1999). Int J Cancer 83: 870–873.

3. Correa P (1992) Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process–First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 52: 6735–6740.

4. Wu MS, Chen CJ, Lin JT (2005) Host-environment interactions: their impact on progression from gastric inflammation to carcinogenesis and on development of new approaches to prevent and treat gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 1878–1882.

5. Yang L, Gu HJ, Zhu HJ, Sun QM, Cong RH, et al. (2008) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 G-418C polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Eur J Surg Oncol 34: 636–641.

6. Gu H, Yang L, Tang N, Zhou B, Zhu H, et al. (2008) Association of endothelin-converting enzyme-1b C-338A polymorphism with gastric cancer risk: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer 44: 1253–1258.

7. Gu H, Yang L, Sun Q, Zhou B, Tang N, et al. (2008) Gly82Ser polymorphism of the receptor for advanced glycation end products is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Clin Cancer Res 14: 3627–3632.

8. Zhu H, Yang L, Zhou B, Yu R, Tang N, et al. (2006) Myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study. Carcinogenesis 27: 2491–2496.

9. Constantinescu SN, Girardot M, Pecquet C (2008) Mining for JAK-STAT mutations in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 33: 122–131.

10. Teng CB, Diao HL, Ma XH, Xu LB, Yang ZM (2004) Differential expression and activation of Stat3 during mouse embryo implantation and decidualization. Mol Reprod Dev 69: 1–10.

11. Chan KS, Carbajal S, Kiguchi K, Clifford J, Sano S, et al. (2004) Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated activation of Stat3 during multistage skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 64: 2382–2389.

12. Sriuranpong V, Park JI, Amornphimoltham P, Patel V, Nelkin BD, et al. (2003) Epidermal growth factor receptor-independent constitutive activation of STAT3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is mediated by the autocrine/paracrine stimulation of the interleukin 6/gp130 cytokine system. Cancer Res 63: 2948–2956.

13. Zhou J, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Wang S, Li Y (2011) Human gastrin mRNA expression up-regulated by Helicobacter pylori CagA through MEK/ERK and JAK2-signaling pathways in gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 14: 322–331.

14. Traer E, Mackenzie R, Snead J, Agarwal A, Eiring AM, et al. (2011) Blockade of JAK2-mediated extrinsic survival signals restores sensitivity of CML cells to ABL inhibitors. Leukemia 26: 1140–1143.

15. Lakshmanan I, Ponnusamy MP, Das S, Chakraborty S, Haridas D, et al. (2011) MUC16 induced rapid G2/M transition via interactions with JAK2 for increased proliferation and anti-apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 31: 805–817.

16. Yoon YK, Kim HP, Han SW, Oh do Y, Im SA, et al. (2010) KRAS mutant lung cancer cells are differentially responsive to MEK inhibitor due to AKT or STAT3 activation: implication for combinatorial approach. Mol Carcinog 49: 353–362.

17. Shin DS, Kim HN, Shin KD, Yoon YJ, Kim SJ, et al. (2009) Cryptotanshinone inhibits constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 function through blocking the dimerization in DU145 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 69: 193–202.

18. Colomiere M, Ward AC, Riley C, Trenerry MK, Cameron-Smith D, et al. (2009) Cross talk of signals between EGFR and IL-6R through JAK2/STAT3 mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian carcinomas. Br J Cancer 100: 134–144.

19. Ferrand A, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Bertrand C, Pradayrol L, Fourmy D, et al. (2004) Involvement of JAK2 upstream of the PI 3-kinase in cell-cell adhesion regulation by gastrin. Exp Cell Res 301: 128–138.

20. Ding L, Xu Y, Zhang W, Deng Y, Si M, et al. (2010) MiR-375 frequently downregulated in gastric cancer inhibits cell proliferation by targeting JAK2. Cell Res 20: 784–793.

21. Pardanani A, Fridley BL, Lasho TL, Gilliland DG, Tefferi A (2008) Host genetic variation contributes to phenotypic diversity in myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 111: 2785–2789.

22. Prager M, Buttner J, Haas V, Baumgart DC, Sturm A, et al. (2011) The JAK2 variant rs10758669 in Crohn's disease: altering the intestinal barrier as one mechanism of action. Int J Colorectal Dis 27: 565–573.

23. Ferguson LR, Han DY, Fraser AG, Huebner C, Lam WJ, et al. (2010) Genetic factors in chronic inflammation: single nucleotide polymorphisms in the STAT-JAK pathway, susceptibility to DNA damage and Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population. Mutat Res 690: 108–115.

24. Cong Y, Guo X, Liu X, Cao D, Jia X, et al. (2009) Association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the extracellular matrix metalloprotease-9 gene with PACG in southern China. Mol Vis 15: 1412–1417.

25. Vera J, Rateitschak K, Lange F, Kossow C, Wolkenhauer O, et al. (2011) Systems biology of JAK-STAT signalling in human malignancies. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 106: 426–434.

26. Santos FP, Verstovsek S (2011) JAK2 inhibitors: what's the true therapeutic potential? Blood Rev 25: 53–63.

27. Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R (2009) STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 798–809.

28. Pham TM, Fujino Y, Ide R, Kubo T, Shirane K, et al. (2006) Prospective study of vegetable consumption and liver cancer in Japan. Int J Cancer 119: 2408–2411.

29. Zhong Y, Wu J, Ma R, Cao H, Wang Z, et al. (2011) Association of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) polymorphisms with acute leukemia susceptibility. Int J Lab Hematol 34: 248–253.

30. Lee JJ, Wu X, Hildebrandt MA, Yang H, Khuri FR, et al. (2011) Global assessment of genetic variation influencing response to retinoid chemoprevention in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4: 185–193.

31. Kelley JR, Duggan JM (2003) Gastric cancer epidemiology and risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol 56: 1–9.

32. Parkin DM (2004) International variation. Oncogene 23: 6329–6340.