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Introduction
[35] Marshall (1992) introduced the concept of industrial citizenship in his account of the relationship between citizenship and social class. In his discussion of industrial citizenship employees have the right to form and join unions and to engage in actions such as strikes in pursuit of higher wages and better conditions of employment ([35] Marshall, 1992, pp. 40-43). However, industrial citizenship in Marshall's account is secondary to civil citizenship, and with some notable exceptions ([1] Barbalet, 1988, pp. 22-27; [13] Fudge, 2005; [15] Gersuny, 1994; [22] Janoski, 1998, pp. 29, 42; [23] Janowitz, 1980, pp. 7-8; [43] Muller-Jentsch, 1991; [44] Mundlak, 2007; [52] Streeck, 1997; [61] Woodiwiss, 1997) has received little attention from subsequent commentators. However, these later discussions still retain Marshall's concept of industrial citizenship and its attendant problems.
Subsequent work on citizenship has sought to extend Marshall's initial formulation in relation to various dimensions of inequality, such as gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and disability ([5] Bulmer and Rees, 1996; [18] Held, 1989; [20] Hussain and Bagguley, 2005; [21] Isin and Wood, 1999; [28] Kymlicka, 1995; [31] Lister, 1997; [45] Nash, 2000; [53] Sypnowich, 2000; [51] Stevenson, 2001; [54] Turner, 1986; [60] Waite, 1999; [64] Yuval-Davis, 1997), or in relation to globalisation and the restructuring of welfare provision ([8] Delanty, 2000; [17] Glenn, 2000; [48] Roche, 1992; [49] Roche and Van Berkel, 1997; [55] Turner, 1993; [58] Urry, 2000, pp. 161-187), but have tended to neglect industrial citizenship. Although it is generally held that Marshall's model of citizenship was "evolutionary" and that once established each of the distinct realms of citizenship were difficult to reverse a number of writers have noted that citizenship can be "eroded" ([56] Turner, 2001; [26] Kivisto and Faist, 2007). However, absent from these accounts of erosion is any consideration of industrial citizenship.
There are several ways in which I want to fundamentally re-conceptualise industrial citizenship to enable us to use the idea empirically. I argue that it is necessary to take seriously the idea of unions as legal subjects through the concept of collective industrial citizenship rights. Collective rights of industrial citizenship and individual rights are inter-dependent but not reducible to each other. I emphasise the contradictory and contested character of industrial citizenship and that industrial citizenship rights may...