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Abstract [Objective] The paper was to explore the insecticidal activities of capsaicin and nonivamide. [ Method] With nonanoic acid and vanillin as starting materials, nonivamide was prepared by reductive amination and N-acylation reaction, and the chemical structure of target compound was confirmed by H NMR and ?Ι-MS. The biological activities of nonivamide and capsaicin were tested. [ Result ] Both capsaicin and synthetic nonivamide had no obvious insecticidal activities against third instar larvae of diamondback moth [Plutella xyllostella (Linnaeus) ] and 3-day-old nymphs of broad bean aphids (Aphis craccivora). [ Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for further study on insecticidal activities of capsaicin.
Key words Capsaicin; Nonivamide; Synthesis; Insecticidal activity
Nonivamide, also known as synthetic capsaicin, is natural capsaicin analogs, with similar structure and function as natural capsaicin. The spicy and pungency of nonivamide is 3/5 of capsaicin and its synthesis cost is no more than 1/10 of capsaicin, so it has high performance price and can replace natural capsaicin in some application fields' ' ~2]. In pesticide fields, capsaicinoids are considered to be ideal pollution-free pesticides. There were reports about using capsaicin as biological pesticides in the United States and Japan as early as the 1960s. In 1991, American Environmental Protection Agency identified capsaicinoids as biochemical pesticides, and further eliminated restrictions of its residue in fruits, vegetables and grains, as well as its tolerance and residue tests[3_5]. In China, the products such as capsaicin · theasaponin insecticide, capsaicin · nicotine microemulsion, capsaicin · rotenone insecticide, capsaicin microemulsion, avermectin · capsaicin microemulsion have been developed16-81. By indoor toxicity determination, Liu Xin et al. found that capsaicin had strong toxicity and good control effect on green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) [9]. Liu Shaowu et al. reported that capsaicin showed strong oviposition deterrent activity and antifeedant activity against diamondblack moth [Plutella xyllostella ( Linnaeus) ][ 10-111. Li Ruichang et al. tested efficacy of five insecticides on diamondback moth and vegetable aphid [ Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843 )], and found that 9% capsaicin nicotine microemulsion had good control effect against both diamondback moth and vegetable aphid[12]. Although there are many reports[ 13-161 about using capsaicin to control agricultural pests and diseases, due to high price of high-purity capsaicin, its applied research in agricultural field is...