A source of antihydrogen for in-flight hyperfine spectroscopy

Abstract

Antihydrogen, a positron bound to an antiproton, is the simplest antiatom. Its counterpart-hydrogen--is one of the most precisely investigated and best understood systems in physics research. High-resolution comparisons of both systems provide sensitive tests of CPT symmetry, which is the most fundamental symmetry in the Standard Model of elementary particle physics. Any measured difference would point to CPT violation and thus to new physics. Here we report the development of an antihydrogen source using a cusp trap for in-flight spectroscopy. A total of 80 antihydrogen atoms are unambiguously detected 2.7 m downstream of the production region, where perturbing residual magnetic fields are small. This is a major step towards precision spectroscopy of the ground-state hyperfine splitting of antihydrogen using Rabi-like beam spectroscopy.

ARTICLE

Received 25 Jun 2013 | Accepted 11 Dec 2013 | Published 21 Jan 2014

N. Kuroda1, S. Ulmer2, D.J. Murtagh3, S. Van Gorp3, Y. Nagata3, M. Diermaier4, S. Federmann5, M. Leali6,7,C. Malbrunot4,w, V. Mascagna6,7, O. Massiczek4, K. Michishio8, T. Mizutani1, A. Mohri3, H. Nagahama1,M. Ohtsuka1, B. Radics3, S. Sakurai9, C. Sauerzopf4, K. Suzuki4, M. Tajima1, H.A. Torii1, L. Venturelli6,7,B. Wnschek4, J. Zmeskal4, N. Zurlo6, H. Higaki9, Y. Kanai3, E. Lodi Rizzini6,7, Y. Nagashima8,Y. Matsuda1, E. Widmann4 & Y. Yamazaki1,3

Antihydrogen, a positron bound to an antiproton, is the simplest antiatom. Its counterpart hydrogenis one of the most precisely investigated and best understood systems in physics research. High-resolution comparisons of both systems provide sensitive tests of CPT symmetry, which is the most fundamental symmetry in the Standard Model of elementary particle physics. Any measured difference would point to CPT violation and thus to new physics. Here we report the development of an antihydrogen source using a cusp trap for in-ight spectroscopy. A total of 80 antihydrogen atoms are unambiguously detected 2.7 m downstream of the production region, where perturbing residual magnetic elds are small. This is a major step towards precision spectroscopy of the ground-state hyperne splitting of antihydrogen using Rabi-like beam spectroscopy.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4089 OPEN

A source of antihydrogen for in-ight hyperne spectroscopy

1 Institute of Physics, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. 2 Ulmer Initiative Research Unit, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. 3 Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. 4 Stefan-Meyer-Institut fr Subatomare Physik,sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1090, Austria. 5 CERN, Genve 1211, Switzerland. 6 Dipartimento di Ingegneria dellInformazione, Universit di Brescia, Brescia 25133, Italy. 7 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Brescia, Brescia 25133, Italy. 8 Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan. 9 Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan. w Present address: CERN,

Genve 1211, Switzerland. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.K. (email: mailto:[email protected]

Web End [email protected] ).

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Within the Standard Model of particle physics, CPT symmetry is conserved and the spectroscopic properties of antihydrogen (

H) and its counterpart hydrogen

are predicted to be identical. Thus, precise comparisons between hydrogen and its antimatter counterpart provide sensitive tests of CPT invariance. Historically, the high-precision spectroscopy of hydrogen inspired the development of numerous elegant experimental methods. This culminated in frequency-comb-locked optical two-photon spectroscopy of the 1S2S transition, where the remarkable precision of 4.2 10 15 was achieved1,

corresponding to an absolute frequency resolution of 10 Hz. Other experimental efforts focused on precision spectroscopy of the ground-state hyperne splitting (GS-HFS) by using a hydrogen maser. Here the GS-HFS transition frequency vHFS of

B1.4 GHz was measured with an absolute precision of 1 mHz (ref. 2), which corresponds to a relative precision of 7.0 10 13.

The goal of our experiment is the precise measurement of the antihydrogen GS-HFS3. In the framework of the so-called Standard Model Extension (SME)4, which is an extension of the Standard Model allowing Lorentz and CPT violations, GS-HFS spectroscopy of hydrogen and antihydrogen provides one of the most sensitive tests of CPT symmetry. In addition, the SME predicts that while GS-HFS is directly sensitive to the CPT violating terms, in the case of the 1S2S transition frequency it is only a second-order effect.

In contrast to the table-top matter experiments, antihydrogen spectroscopy requires complex apparatuses for the production of the elusive antimatter atoms. In addition, antihydrogen atoms cannot be conned in a container made out of matter because they immediately annihilate. To overcome this difculty, the ALPHA and the ATRAP collaborations at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) of CERN plan spectroscopy of

H conned in magnetic traps with an effective potential depth of only B40 meV.

Recently both collaborations reported the trapping of ground-state

H (refs 57). Moreover, the ALPHA collaboration observed hyperne transitions induced in trapped antihydrogen atoms8. However, trapping of

H requires strong magnetic eld gradients, which broaden the transition line-widths and reduce experimental precision. Thus, we adopt an alternative strategy: the Rabi-like spectroscopy of antihydrogen GS-HFS9, which is based on polarized antiatomic beams. This scheme uses a so-called cusp trap10,11, which is a combination of the magnetic eld of a unique superconducting anti-Helmholtz coil assembly and multiple ring electrodes (MRE) for the electrostatic manipulation of trapped non-neutral plasmas. The magnetic eld gradient produced by the cusp magnetic eld exerts a force on the antihydrogen atoms. Low-eld-seeking states are preferentially guided along the cusp trap axis, whereas high-eld seekers are defocused10, resulting in a spin-polarized beam. The atoms are then passed through a microwave cavity, focused by a spin-selector (a sextupole magnet) and nally detected by an antihydrogen detector. When the microwave frequency is equal to the hyperne transition frequency, the low-eld-seeking states are converted to high-eld-seeking states and de-focused by the sextupole magnet. In contrast to the spectroscopic techniques based on trapped antihydrogen, antiatoms of several meV energy can be guided to a region with a weak magnetic eld. This allows in-ight precision spectroscopy at the level of 10 7 or better12.

While the 1S2S transition is primarily an electric phenomenon, the hyperne structure is predominantly of magnetic origin. It is mainly caused by the interaction of the magnetic moments of the positron me and the antiproton m p. The ground state splits into two substates: for parallel magnetic moments (F 0, singlet state)

the effective two-body interaction potential is attractive, while repulsive in the other case (F 1, triplet state). The zero-eld

F 0-F 1 transition frequency vHFS is rst-order proportional

to the direct product of m p and me . The Zemach and nuclear polarizability corrections lead to a deviation from the rst-order calculation at a level of B40 p.p.m.13 Combined with independent measurements of the proton and antiproton magnetic moments14,15, the precise determination of the GS-HFS provides constraints on CPT symmetry of the electric and magnetic form factors of the two particles. This constitutes an additional CPT symmetry test of the internal structure of protons and antiprotons.

This Article describes the development of an antihydrogen source using a cusp trap for Rabi-like beam spectroscopy. A signicant fraction of antihydrogen atoms in quantum states below n 29 are detected at 2.7 m downstream of the production

region, where perturbing residual magnetic elds are small. The antihydrogen number per hour is estimated to be B25. This is an important milestone towards the planned precision spectroscopy of the GS-HFS of antihydrogen.

ResultsExperimental set-up. To achieve our physics goal, we have developed the experimental apparatus shown in Fig. 1. It consists of an ultra-slow antiproton beam source (MUSASHI)16, a positron accumulator17, ultra-low energy beam transport lines and the cusp trap, which is a superposition of the strong magnetic eld gradient provided by the superconducting anti-Helmholtz coil and an electrostatic potential10. For the preparation of antiproton and positron plasmas PenningMalmberg type traps are used. They comprise a homogeneous strong axial magnetic eld and an electrostatic potential. In all cases MRE18 are introduced into the respective magnets for the electrostatic manipulation of the trapped plasmas. Two scintillator modules are placed on each side of the cusp magnet, which are utilized to track pions produced by antiproton annihilation. This pion-tracking detector provides information about the antiproton annihilation position distribution. Downstream of the cusp trap a hyperne spectrometer line is placed. It consists of a microwave cavity to induce

H spin ips, a superconducting sextupole magnet for spin-state analysis and an antihydrogen detector19. In the experiments described in this article, the microwave cavity is not used and the detector is placed 2.7 m downstream of the

H

production region.

Antiprotons at 5.3 MeV from the AD pass a radio-frequency quadrupole decelerator (RFQD) that reduces their energy to 115 keV. Subsequently, the particles transmit through thin degrader foils (two 90 mg cm 2 biaxially oriented polyethylene terephtalate foils)20 and are trapped in the MUSASHI antiproton trap. The unique scheme of sequential combination of the RFQD and the MUSASHI trap enables us to use 550 times more antiprotons (over 106 in number) per AD cycle than other antihydrogen experiments16. In the MUSASHI trap the antiprotons are electron-cooled and radially compressed by a rotating electric eld21. This preparation procedure enables the efcient transfer of an ultra-low energy antiproton beam to the cusp trap16.

Positrons are provided from a 22Na source with an activity of0.6 GBq. The particles are moderated by Ne ice grown on a small cone in front of the source22,23. By interaction with a N2/CF4 gas mixture the positrons are trapped and further thermalized in the MRE of the positron accumulator. Subsequently, the accumulated particles are transferred to the cusp trap. By repeating this sequence, typically 3 107 positrons are loaded into the cusp

magnet in B10 min.

Antihydrogen production in the cusp trap. For the production of antihydrogen atoms a nested well conguration is employed2426, as shown in Fig. 2a, located in the local maximum

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e+ accumulator

Sextupole magnet

H

detector

Hyperfine spectrometer line

Cusp trap

Low energy e+ beam transport line

22Na: e+ source

I.

MUSASHI trap (ultra-low energy p beam source)

II.

III.

IV.

p from RFQD

Ultra-low energy p beam transport line

Figure 1 | Schematic view of our experimental apparatus. Arrows represent 1 m in each direction. Antiprotons delivered from the AD via the RFQD are trapped, electron-cooled and radially compressed in the MUSASHI. Moderated positrons from a 22Na source are prepared and cooled in the positron accumulator and then are transported to the cusp trap. The cusp trap consists of an MRE and superconducting anti-Helmholtz coils. After positrons are accumulated near the maximum magnetic eld region, antiprotons are injected from the MUSASHI and mixed with positrons synthesizing antihydrogen atoms. Antihydrogen atoms in low-eld-seeking states are focused downstream of the cusp trap due to the strong magnetic eld gradient, whilethose high-eld-seeking states are de-focused. Thus, a polarized antihydrogen beam is produced. On both sides of the cusp trap, scintillator modules labelled as IIV are mounted, which are used to track charged pions produced by annihilation reactions. Downstream of the cusp trap a spectrometer line is placed, which involves a sextupole magnet and an antihydrogen detector.

of the cusp magnetic eld. Simulations predict that when the mixing of positrons and antiprotons is performed at this position, the cusp magnetic eld enhances the polarization of

H atoms,

which ow out towards the downstream direction and pass the magnetic eld minimum. About 3 105 antiprotons from the

MUSASHI trap are injected into the positron plasma stored in the nested well. The kinetic energy of the antiproton beam is adjusted to be slightly above the potential energy of the plasma (Fig. 2a) in order to avoid signicant heating induced by the antiproton injection. In contrast to the charged particles conned in the nested well, electrically neutral antihydrogen atoms escape from this potential conguration.

To monitor antihydrogen synthesis, we prepare a eld ionization well 20 cm downstream of the mixing region11. An antihydrogen atom in a Rydberg state with principal quantum number n is eld-ionized if nZ(3.2/e)1/4 102 is satised27,

where e (V cm 1) is the electric eld strength. The average eld strength is 139 V cm 1 (93 V cm 1 on axis), which can eldionize antihydrogen atoms with n\39. Here we dene the average electric eld strength, which is the mean value of the eld averaged over the entire trap radius. Resulting antiprotons are trapped in the eld-ionization well11,26. When this well is opened, the particles escape from the trap, annihilate and are counted by the pion-tracking detector. In such a direct injection scheme typically 75 eld-ionization counts are obtained in a time interval of 80 s. To investigate the time evolution of antihydrogen formation, during the mixing process the eld ionization well is opened and closed periodically. Results of that measurement are shown in Fig. 2b (lled squares). A maximum is reached after B20 s, followed by a slow decrease explained by the axial separation of antiprotons and positrons. This separation is due to two possible processes: one process is the energy loss of the antiprotons by interaction with electrons formed in annihilation with the background gas; the other is the reduction of the

antiprotons axial energy due to collisional relaxation. When the axial energy of the antiprotons drops below the positron potential energy, the

H synthesis is stopped. This axial separation model is based on information obtained from our position-sensitive pion-tracking detector11.

To counteract the axial separation and to prolong the antihydrogen production period, an rf-assisted direct injection scheme was developed. During the mixing process an rf drive at 420 kHz is applied to one of the ring electrodes of the MRE, which excites the axial oscillation of the trapped antiprotons28. The lled red circles in Fig. 2b represent a typical result obtained from such an experiment. More than 260 antiprotons are counted in the time-window of 80 s, which is a factor of 3.5 more than without rf.

Detection in a magnetic eld-free environment. The anti-hydrogen detector placed at the end of the spectrometer line is made out of a bismuth germanium oxide (Bi4Ge3O12, BGO)

single-crystal. This scintillating material was selected because of its high density (7.13 g cm 3), high photon yield (810 per keV energy deposit) and ultra-high vacuum compatibility. The BGO crystal has a diameter of 10 cm and a thickness of 5 mm. It is placed inside a vacuum chamber with its centre on the beam axis. Outside the chamber, ve plastic scintillator plates (thickness 10 mm, total solid angle coverage 49% of 4p) are installed to detect annihilation pions. Each scintillator is read-out by a photomultiplier tube. The BGO signal is recorded by a waveform digitizer while the timing of the plastic scintillator signal is readout by time-to-digital converters. The signal of the BGO scintillator was energy calibrated by comparing measured cosmic rays with simulations using GEANT4 (ref. 29) and the CRY package30.

Antiproton annihilations originating from antihydrogen atoms hitting the crystal surface yield on average three charged pions

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Direct injection configuration

120

On-axis potential (V)

130

140

Antiproton injection energy

150

Positrons

Nested well

160

80 40

60 40 20 0 20 60 80

0 70

10 20 30 40 50 60 80

Position (mm)

35

Field-ionised antihydrogen atoms

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Time (s)

Figure 2 | Antihydrogen synthesis. (a) Illustration of the direct injection scheme, which is used to produce antihydrogen atoms. A positron plasma is conned and compressed at the centre of the nested well (black solid line). The potential is opened (red solid line) when antiprotons with low energy spread are injected into the positron plasma. The antiproton kinetic energy is adjusted to slightly higher than the potential energy of the positron plasma (yellow solid line), which ensures efcient mixing of antiprotons and positrons. To prolong the interaction time during mixing, an rf drive (not shown in the gure) is applied, which drives the axial oscillation of the antiprotons. (b) The number of antihydrogen atoms eldionized downstream of the nested trap as a function of time. The lled black squares are from an experiment when direct injection was applied. The lled red circles represent results obtained from the rf-assisted direct injection scheme. Error bars show s.d. of the mean. By applying the rf drive the yield of eld-ionized antihydrogen atoms was increased by a factor of 3.5.

with a mean momentum of B300 MeV c 1 (ref. 31), which are detected by the plastic scintillators. In order to reduce background events from antiprotons annihilating upstream or from cosmic rays, a coincidence between the BGO and the plastic scintillators is required. Owing to the high multiplicity of the annihilation products, coincidence with at least two plastic scintillators can be used. According to our simulations this coincidence condition reduces the background event rate by three orders of magnitude while the signal count rate is only reduced by about a factor of 2. Using even higher multiplicities leads to an additional decrease of the signal by at least a factor of 3. Thus double coincidence events are used in the following analysis.

To investigate the principal quantum number of the anti-hydrogen atoms that reach the detector, voltages of either 400

or 2,000 V are applied to a set of eld-ionization electrodes

located in front of the BGO scintillator, which corresponds to average electric elds of 94 V cm 1 (n\43) and 452 V cm 1 (n\29), respectively (hereafter called scheme 1 and scheme 2). In other words, the antihydrogen atoms with nt43 (scheme 1) or nt29 (scheme 2) reach the BGO scintillator, while the antiprotons originating from eld-ionized antihydrogen are repelled by the electric eld.

The unshaded histogram bordered by the solid line in Fig. 3a shows the distribution of energy deposited in the BGO scintillator for double coincidence events up to 200 MeV for scheme 1. According to simulations, 200 MeV is the maximum energy deposited on the BGO scintillator when an antiproton annihilates on its surface. The shaded histogram shows results where antiprotons are trapped and cooled with electrons instead of positrons (referred to as a background run hereafter). The obtained energy spectrum represents events originating from cosmic rays and secondary particles, especially charged pions, which are produced by annihilation of antiprotons trapped in the nested well. The annihilation rate during the background run is expected to be comparable to the background annihilation rate of schemes 1 and 2. As in the low-energy region the annihilation cross section S is proportional to 1/n (Langevin cross section), the annihilation rate, which is proportional to nS, does not depend on the antiproton energy, where n is the relative velocity between the antiproton and a residual gas atom32. A GEANT4 simulation predicts that events due to antihydrogen annihilation along the vacuum tube upstream of the BGO scintillator are negligibly small. Figure 3a shows that the number of events with energy deposition above 40 MeV are signicantly larger than those of the background run, that is, the threshold energy Eth 40 MeV can

be chosen to identify antihydrogen atoms annihilating on the BGO scintillator. The total accumulation times for the schemes 1 and 2, and a background run were 4,950, 2,100 and 1,550 s, respectively.

DiscussionTo evaluate the statistical signicance of these results, the measured energy deposition spectra are integrated from Eth to

200 MeV. The lled squares and lled triangles in Fig. 3b show such integrated events after subtraction of background counts for both schemes, normalized to the data accumulation time of 150 s. Taking into account the detection probability as a function of Eth

predicted by GEANT4, the absolute number of antihydrogen atoms arriving at the BGO scintillator was evaluated, which is shown in Fig. 3c. Irrespective of the threshold energy, for both schemes the numbers are almost constant. We obtain around 6 and 4 for schemes 1 and 2, respectively. This demonstrates that the characteristics of the detector system are well understood and under full control.

In Table 1 the results of the analysis are summarized. It shows the total measurement time, the total number of double coincidence events Nt, the total number of double coincidence events with deposition energy higher than 40 MeV in the BGO scintillator N440 and the statistical signicance of N440. In the case of scheme 1, we detected 99 candidate events in 4,950 s, while 6 is the observed number of background events in 1,550 s. The statistical signicance of our data was evaluated using the following two methods. The prole likelihood signicance incorporating Poisson uctuations in the data33 is 5.0s. The

Z-value (signicance in one-sided Gaussian standard deviations) for the ratio of Poisson means34 is 4.8s. These statistical signicances unambiguously prove the observation of anti-hydrogen atoms with nt43 at a distance of 2.7 m downstream of the antihydrogen production region. Furthermore, in the case

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Normalised counts/150 s

10

1

101

Table 1 | Summary of antihydrogen events detected by the antihydrogen detector.

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Background Measurement time (s) 4,950 2,100 1,550

Double coincidence events, Nt 1,149 487 352 Events above the threshold(40 MeV), N440 99 29 6

Z-value (prole likelihood ratio) (s) 5.0 3.2 Z-value (ratio of Poisson means) (s) 4.8 3.0

Mixing (n < 43) Background

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

E (MeV)

4

Mixing (n < 43) Mixing (n < 29)

3

Corrected counts/150 s

2

1

18

16

estimated number of

H

14

events/150 s

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Eth (MeV)

Figure 3 | Energy deposition by

H atoms and estimated number of

H

atoms. (a) Distributions of energy deposition in the BGO scintillator for the double coincidence condition (see the text). The distributions are normalized to one mixing cycle of 150 s. The unshaded histogram bordered by the thick blue line is obtained from scheme 1. The total data accumulation time was 4,950 s. The shaded histogram represents data obtained from the background runs, in a total time of 1,550 s. A clear difference is seen at energies higher than 40 MeV, indicating the observation of antihydrogen atoms. (b) The number of integrated events as a function of threshold energy, Eth, after subtraction of the background events. Filled squares are for scheme 1, lled triangles for scheme 2. Errors are propagated from the s.d. of the observed event numbers. (c) The estimated number of antihydrogen atoms that reached the BGO scintillator. The numbers are evaluated by calibrating the counts shown in b withthe detection probability as a function of Eth predicted by GEANT4 simulation.

of scheme 2, in total, 29 events in 2,100 s are detected, while 6 background events in 1,550 s are observed as well. The statistical signicance for scheme 2 becomes 3.0s (Z-value). This clearly

indicates that a signicant fraction of the observed antihydrogen atoms are in quantum states nt29. The expected antihydrogen number per mixing cycle for schemes 1 and 2 is around 6 and 4, respectively. Considering the fact that the total time per mixing cycle is B15 min, the intensity values for schemes 1 and 2 are estimated to be B25 and 16 per hour, respectively. It is noted that the observed principal quantum numbers are upper limits, constrained by the utilized eld-ionization technique. Further quantum state analysis as well as the investigation of mechanisms for efcient de-excitation of Rydberg antihydrogen will be the scope of future research activities. The latter constitutes a signicant, widely recognized challenge in the eld of antihydrogen research3537.

In conclusion, we have developed a source for the in-ight GS-HFS spectroscopy of antihydrogen. We detected a signicant fraction of antihydrogen atoms in quantum states below n 29 at

2.7 m downstream of the production region. This opens the way towards a variety of other attractive physics experiments such as optical spectroscopy38,39 and studies of the weak equivalence principle40,41.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude towards the AD group of CERN. We are thankful towards the Proton Synchrotron operational staff, the CERN cryogenics laboratory, CERN EN department and the CERN RF group. We should also acknowledge ASACUSA collaboration members, and all former CUSP subgroup members for their help and fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (no. 24000008) of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Monbukakagu-sho), Special Research Projects for Basic Science of RIKEN, RIKEN FPR programme, RIKEN IRU programme, European Research Council under European Unions Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC Grant agreement (291242), the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research, Universit di Brescia and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare.

Author contributions

N.K., S.U. and S.V.G are responsible for maintenance, modication and operation of the cusp apparatus. D.J.M. and K.M. designed the positron accumulator, developed, and operated it together with S.V.G., S.U., Y.K., H.H., S.S., H.N. and Y.Nagas. N.K., H.A.T., Y.K., H.H. and M.T. developed and operated the MUSASHI trap. M.L., V.M., L.V., N.Z. and E.L.R. developed the pion-tracking detector, its data acquisition system and prepared the data analysis of the tracking detector. Y.Nagat., M.O., Y.M. and N.K. constructed the antihydrogen detector. C.M. was responsible for all aspects of the hyperne spectrometer line, which was conceived by E.W. The development, construction and testing of the spectrometer line was done by C.M., C.S., M.D., S.F., O.M., K.S., B.W., J.Z. and E.W. Y.Nagat. and N.K. and, partly, B.R. performed the data analysis of the antihydrogen beam. Y.Y. and, partly, N.K. participated in the basic design and construction of the cusp system including the cusp trap, the positron accumulator and the MUSASHI trap. N.K. mainly developed the data acquisition system of the cusp system. A.M. and Y.Y. conceived and proposed the cusp trap for making antihydrogen beam for the ground-state hyperne splitting measurement. E.W. proposed the method for the ground-state hyperne splitting measurement with antihydrogen. N.K. and S.U. wrote the initial manuscript, which was edited together with Y.Y. and E.W. before being improved by all authors after the discussion of the results.

Additional information

Competing nancial interests: The authors declare no competing nancial interests.

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How to cite this article: Kuroda, N. et al. A source of antihydrogen for in-ight hyperne spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 5:3089 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4089 (2014).

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