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Received: 1 March 2013
Received in revised form: 7August 2013
Accepted: 10 August 2013
Keywords
Calendula officinalis
Flavonoid
Antimicrobial activity
Antioxidant activity
Abstract
Calendula officinalis (Marigold) was characterized in respect to its chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities. Five compounds were identified and quantified by LC/MS and HPLC in leaves and flowers of aqueous-methanolic extracts. Total flavonoids ranged between 44.91 and 76.44 mg QE/g dry weight in leaf and flower extracts, respectively. Rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, scopoletin-7-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and gallic acid were tentatively identified in this plant. The highest antioxidant activities using two methods, DPPH and FRAP assays were obtained with aqueous-methanol flower extract from C. officinalis (0.35 mg.mL'1 and 28.37 mM of Trolox). The potential antimicrobial activity of the leaf and flower aqueous-methanol extracts from the C. officinalis was screened against three bacteria and two pathogenic fungi, using the cellulosic disc method. A strong inhibited activity against the five microorganisms is obtained. This study could provide useful information for industry to produce potentially bioactive plant extract.
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Introduction
Chemical and pharmacological studies involving medicinal plants have increased in the last decades, not only related to the isolation of active principles, but also to the characterization of new components with therapeutic activity and nutraceutical characteristics, important for the use in food industries, as well as in cosmetology and pharmacology.
Calendula officinalis L. (English marigold, pot marigold) belongs to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family; is an annual herbaceous plant, native of Mediterranean countries (Danielski et al, 2007). C. officinalis can be broadly applied as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing as well as a light antibacterial and antiviral agent (Khalid et al., 2010). The plant has been reported to contain mainly polyphenols such as /J-phydroxybcnzoic. salicylic, vanillic, cafifeic, gallic acids (Gora etal., 1979; Gong et al., 2012), acylated flavonoid-O-glycosides and methoxylated flavonoids, amino acids (Abasova et al., 1995), alkaloids, carotenoids, saponins, tannins (Duke, 1992), high molecular weight polysaccharides (Wagner et al, 1984) and triterpenoid monoesters (Neukirch et al, 2004). Alpha-cardinol (Chalchat et al, 1991), deltacadinol, delta-cadinine and gamma murolene (Marczal etal, 1987) have been identified in the essential oil.
Previous studies showed that different species of this plant, as well as different cultivars of the same species, were markedly different in the content...