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About the Authors:
Shaminie Athinarayanan
Affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
Rongrong Wei
Affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
Min Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
Shaochun Bai
Affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Maret G. Traber
Affiliation: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
Katherine Yates
Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Massachusetts, United States of America
Oscar W. Cummings
Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Jean Molleston
Affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Wanqing Liu
* E-mail: [email protected] (WL); [email protected] (NC)
Affiliations Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America, Indiana Fatty Liver Disease Research Group, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Naga Chalasani
* E-mail: [email protected] (WL); [email protected] (NC)
Affiliations Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America, Indiana Fatty Liver Disease Research Group, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Introduction
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in both children and adults, and it can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer [1]–[3]. Weight loss through lifestyle modification is routinely recommended for individuals with NAFLD to improve their liver disease and underlying metabolic risk factors, but weight loss is often unsuccessful. Recently, the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN) has conducted two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to improve liver histology in children and adults with NAFLD and NASH, respectively. The “Pioglitazone versus Vitamin E (Vit E) versus Placebo for the Treatment of Non-diabetic Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis” (PIVENS) trial compared vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 800 IU per day) or pioglitazone (30 mg/day) against placebo for 96 weeks in 247 adults with...