ANTI DIABETIC HERBS IN AYURVEDA: AN UPDATE

Abstract

According to recent estimates, the human population worldwide appears to be in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes. Ayurveda mentions the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments including diabetes. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. This article reviews such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned in the Ayurveda and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

According to recent estimates, the human population worldwide appears to be in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes. Ayurveda mentions the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments including diabetes. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. This paper reviews such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned in the Ayurveda and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity

KEYWORDS: Diabetes, Anti diabetic activity, Medicinal Plants, Herbal medicine, Ayurveda

INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes mellitus is a life threatening metabolic disorder and it is estimated that its annual incidence rate will continue to increase in the future worldwide. Hyperglycemia, the primary clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus, is associated with the development of micro and macro vascular diabetic complications. Diabetes mellitus (DM) being the commonest endocrine disorder, affects more than 100 million people worldwide (6% of the population) and in the next 10 years it may affect about five times more people than it does now (Grover JK et al., 2002).

Despite considerable progress in the treatment of diabetes by oral hypoglycemic agents, search for newer drugs continues because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. The herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have been acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of medicine (Wadkar KA et al., 2008). Herbal drugs provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Many medicinal plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. Ayurveda describes a number of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes. Hence, they play an important role as alternative medicine due to reduced side effects and low cost. The active principles present in medicinal plants have been reported to possess pancreatic beta cells regenerating, insulin releasing and fighting the problem of insulin resistance (Welihinda J et al., 1981). Some of these herbal plants and their active chemical constituents which have a role in the management of diabetes mellitus are compiled here and discussed in this review.

Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda with Anti-Diabetic Property:

Studies involving alloxan induced model:

Zizyphus jujuba Lamk. (Badara): Zizyphus jujuba Lamk belongs to family Rhamnaceae. The Aqueous extract of leaves exhibited hypoglycaemic effect which may be due to the presence of berberine (Ignacimuthu S et al., 1998).

Michelia champaka Linn (Champaka): Michelia champaka Linn belongs to family Magnoliaceae. Ethanolic extract of flower bud of a M. champaka at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 7 days exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity by promoting tissue glucose uptake & reduced hepatic glucose output (Jarald E etal, 2008).

Bauhinia variegate Linn (Kanchanara): Bauhinia variegate Linn belongs to family caecalpinaceae. Hydro-alcoholic extract of stem bark at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited anti-hyperglycemic activity by promoting insulin-mediated peripheral glucose utilization & metabolism in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles through up-regulation of glucose transporters, provided that some endogenous insulin is present (Kumar P et al., 2012).

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr (Karanja): Pongamia pinnata (Linn.)Merr belongs to family fabaceae. Ethanolic extract & aqueous extract of leaves showed potent anti - diabetic effect by potentiatingthe insulin effect of plasma by increasing the pancreatic secretion of insulin from existing ?-cells of islets of Langerhans or its release from bound insulin or by enhancing glucose utilization by peripheral tissues (Mukesh S etal., 2010).

Vinca rosea Linn (Sadampushpa): Vinca rosea Linn belongs to family Apocynaceae. Methanolic extract of whole plant at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity probably by resulting in regeneration of ß cells of pancreas (Ahmed MF etal, 2010).

Salvadora oleoides Linn (Peelu): Salvadora oleoides Linn belongs to family Salvadoraceae. Ethanolic extract of aerial part at the dose of 2g/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by increasing secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas. S. oleoides contains several organic sulfar compounds and it is well known that sulfar derivative show hypoglycemic effect (Yadav JP etal, 2008).

Tridax procumbens Linn (Mundak): Tridax procumbens Linn belongs to family Asteraceae. Methanolic extract of whole plant at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant antihyperglycemic effect by potentiating the insulin effect of plasma therefore stimulating insulin release from the remnant pancreatic ?-cells or its release from the bound form or by the stimulation of peripheral glucose utilization (Pareek V et al., 2009).

Barleria prionitis Linn (Saireyaka): Bar 1eria prionitis Linn belongs to family Acanthaceae. Alcoholic extract of leaf & root at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of sterols, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in B. prionitis may be responsible for this effect (ReemaD etal, 2010).

Tectona grandis Linn (Shaaka): Tectona grandis Linn Linn belongs to family Lamiaceae. Ethanolic extract of bark at the dose of 2.5 & 5 gm/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by regeneration of the islet cells. This antihyperglycemic effect may be due to lapachol (a naphthoquinone), Lapachonone, deoxylapachol and tectoquinnone. (Varma SB etal, 2010).

Cassia occidentalis Linn (Kasamarda): Cassia occidentalis Linn belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Aqueous extract of the whole plant at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by partial restoration of normal cellular population and size of islet cells. The antidiabetic activity of C. occidentalis may be due to the presence of flavonoids (Verma L et al., 2010).

Dioscorea alata Linn (A source of Varahikanda): Dioscorea alata Linn belongs to family Dioscoreaceae. Ethanolic extract of tuber at the dose of 100 & 200 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The presence of phenolic & flavonoids compounds such as hydro - Q chromene, dioscorinetc could have induced the observed effects (Maithili V et al., 2011).

Momordica charantia Linn (Karavelaka): Momordica charantia belonging family Cucurbitaceae. Fruit extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by potentiating of pancreatic secretion of insulin from intact ?-cells coupled with extra pancreatic mechanism (Fernandes NCP et al., 2007).

Picrorhiza kurrooa Eoyle ex.Benth. (Katuki): Picrorhiza kurrooa Eoyle ex.Benth. belongs to family Scrophularaceae. Aqueous & methanolic extract of rhizome at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 days significantly reduced blood glucose probably by regenerating and rejuvenating of ?-cells leading to increase in insulin production and secretion (ChauhanV et al., 2008).

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn (Methika): Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn belongs to family fabaceae. Crude ethanol extract of seed at the dose of 1 gm/kg body weight exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by promoting insulin secretion by closure of K - ATP channels and stimulation of Ca influx (Asmenab M et al., 2009)

Cocculus hirsutus Linn (Pataalagarudi): Cocculus hirsutus Linn belongs to family Menispermaceae. Aqueous extract of leaf at the dose of 250, 500 & 1000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity (Badole S et al., 2006).

Parthenium hysterophorus Linn (Vishalata): Parthenium hysterophorus Linn belongs to family Asteraceae. Aqueous extract of flower at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (Single dose) exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by potentiating the insulin release from pancreatic beta cells (Vijay S et al., 2008).

Stereospermum tetragonum DC. (Patala): Stereospermum tetragonum DC belongs to family Bignoniaceae. Water extract of root at the dose of 50 mg/kg of ext. exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity (Kingsley RB et al., 2012).

Punica granatum Linn (Dadima): Punica granatum Linn belongs to family punicaceae. Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 500 mg/kg of ext. for 7 days exhibited significantly reduced blood glucose level.The anti diabetic activity of ethanolic ext. of leaf may be due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and glycosides (Das S et al., 2012).

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Karpooravalli): Plectranthus amboinicu (Lour.) Spreng. belongs to family Lamiaceae. Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by decreasing gluconeogenesis and improved utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues. The antidiabetic activity of P amboinicus may be due to the presence of flavonoids (Koti BC et al., 2010).

Studies involving STZ induced model

Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. (Kootashalmali): Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn belongs to family Malvaceae. Methanolic extract of root bark at the dose of 40 & 75 mg/kg body weight (single dose) exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by enhancing glucose uptake into skeletal muscle or inhibiting glucagon secretion. The presence of flavonoid (epicatechin)in C.pentandra may be responsible for the hypoglycaemic effect (DzeufietPD et al., 2006).

Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. (Sharapunkha): Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers belongs to family fabaceae. Ethanolic extract of seed at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 45 days showed significant anti hyperglycemic activity by stimulation of insulin secretion from remnant pancreatic beta cells (Pavana P et al., 2007).

Morus albas Linn. (Tuda): Morus albas Linn belongs to family Moraceae. Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 600 mg/kg body weight for 5 weeks exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The hypoglycaemic effect may be attributed to the presence of trigonelline bases and moranoline in M. alba (Mohammadi J et al., 2008).

Amaranthus viridis Linn (Tanduliyaka): Amaranthus viridis Linn belongs to family Amranthaceae. Methanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of flavonoids in A.viridis may be responsible for the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Girija K et al., 2011).

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Beejaka): Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. belongs to family fabaceae. Aqueous extract of heart wood at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant effect on blood glucose by enhancing insulin secretion by regeneration of ?-cells. The anti diabetic effect may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in P. marsupium (Halagappa K et al., 2010).

Clerodendron infortunatum Linn (Bharangi): Clerodendron infortunatum Linn belongs to family lamiaceae. Methanolic extract. of leaf at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity (Das S et al., 2011).

Bryonia laciniosa (Linn.) Naud.(Shivalingi) : Bryonia laciniosa (Linn.) Naud. belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Ethanolic extract of seed at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of Saponin in B. laciniosa may be responsible for the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Patel SB et al., 2012).

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Racusch. (Vikankata): Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Racusch belongs to family Salicaceae. Methanolic extract of leaf & stem at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The presence of flavonoids, saponin and tannin in F jangomas may be responsible for the hypoglycaemic effect (Singh AK etal., 2010).

Cassia javanica Linn (Tindalo): Cassia javanica Linn belongs to family fabaceae. 0.5 g/kg of leaf powder exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by stimulation of insulin release and due to peripheral glucose utilization (Urmila C etal., 2012).

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Haritaki): Terminalia chebula Retz belongs to family combretaceae. Chloroform extract of seeds at the dose of 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by inhibiting the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (Rao N et al., 2006).

Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. (Krishna sariva): Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae. Aqueous extract of root at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 days exhibited significant decrease in blood glucose level (Barik R et al., 2008).

Mirabilis jalapa Linn (Krishnakeli): Mirabilis jalapa Linn belongs to family Nyctaginaceae. Ethanolic extract of root at the dose of 4 & 8 gm/kg body weight for 28 days showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic mice. The anti diabetic effect may be attributed to the presence of trigonelline bases inM jalapa (Ji-Yin Zhou etal., 2012).

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Nimba): Azadirachta indica A. Juss belongs to family Meliaceae. Chloroform extract of whole plant at the dose of 100 μg/200 μL for 21 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic effectmay be due to the reactivation of glycogen synthase systems or due to islet cell regeneration (Bhat M et al., 2011).

Butea monosperma Lam. (Palasha): Butea monosperma Lam. belongs to family fabaceae. Aqueous extract of leaf & bark at the dose of 500 mg/kg for6 weeks showed insignificant anti hyperglycemic activity (Ahmed F et al., 2012).

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Patola): Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Aqueous extract of leaves at the dose of 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/ kg for 15days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells (Adiga S etal, 2010).

Tecomella undulata G. Don (Rohitaka): Tecomella undulata G. Don belongs to family Bignoniaceae. Ethanolic extract of leaves at the dose of 500 mg/kg for 30 days showed significant anti hyperglycemic activity by enhancement of insulin secretion due to peripheral utilization of glucose (Kumar S et al., 2012).

Cinnamomum tamala Nees (Tamalapatra): Cinnamomum tamala Nees belongs to family Lauraceae. 200 mg/kg of leaf oil for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by enhancing insulin secretion and peripheral utilization of glucose. The presence of Cinnamaldehyde in C. tamala may be responsible for the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Bisht S etal, 2011).

CONCLUSION:

In the present review an attempt has been made to explore the anti diabetic medicinal plants. After reviewing the articles, most of them interpreted mechanism of resultant activity (viz. hypoglycaemic/ anti hyperglycaemic/anti diabetic) in three to four ways, i.e. potentiating insulin secretion from the beta cells or by enhanced peripheral glucose utilization or by regeneration of islet beta cells or by inhibition of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis or glucogenolysis pathway. Active principles responsible for resultant activity aren't established in these research works and the credibility of some known active principles is doubtful. There are many herbal remedies suggested for diabetes and diabetic complications. Isolation & identification of active constituents from these plants, preparation of standardized dose & dosage regimen can play a significant role in improving the hypoglycemic action.

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Cite this article:

Vasavda Krup, Joshi Vilaxana, Hegde Prakash L, Harini A (2014), ANTI DIABETIC HERBS IN AYURVEDA: AN UPDATE, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 489-496

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