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Farzad Kiani 1 and Ehsan Amiri 2 and Mazdak Zamani 3 and Touraj Khodadadi 4 and Azizah Abdul Manaf 3
Academic Editor:João P. Carmo
1, Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Kucukcekmece, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
2, Department of Computer Engineering, Nourabad Mamasani Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nourabad, Mamasani 73517, Iran
3, Advanced Informatics School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received 30 May 2014; Accepted 13 August 2014
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
Energy is a significant factor in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1]. Therefore, most researchers are concerned with routing protocols and the energy efficiency factor. Initially, more attention in current protocols was on Quality of Service (QoS), bandwidth, packet delivery, and reliability factors and attention to the energy issue was less [2]. The researchers gradually focused on the energy factor when they understood that energy is an important parameter in the WSNs. The sensor nodes are small-size devices that have very low batteries and their charging is impossible in most applications [2]. Therefore, the engineers found that energy-saving is a very important issue in most applications, although energy-saving has tradeoff with some of the design factors such as reliability or system overhead. Therefore, they should create a balance between the design factors [3]. The hierarchical routing protocols have a good performance among the routing methods on the issue of energy efficiency. We know that cluster-based protocols may be appropriate for some applications. In fact, the network protocols are depended to special applications. If the algorithms have integrity and ability, then techniques are generalizable to more applications. Energy efficiency schemas are methods for energy-saving and prolonging network lifetime. These approaches are different in the WSNs from duty cycle or data-driven methods [4]. The new protocol uses data aggregation and learning-based methods which are a subset of the data-driven category.
The hierarchically based protocols are suited to the energy-saving issue. In these protocols, networks are divided into...