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Soc Indic Res (2015) 122:279296
DOI 10.1007/s11205-014-0686-7
Carla A. Houkamau Chris G. Sibley
Accepted: 24 June 2014 / Published online: 5 July 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Abstract We update and validate the revised Multidimensional Model of Mori Identity and Cultural Engagement (MMM-ICE2) by including a seventh Perceived Appearance subscale. The MMM-ICE2 is designed to assess the subjective experiences, efcacy and evaluation of different facets of identity for Mori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand). Conrmatory Factor Analysis of an online Mori community sample (N = 276) supported the revised seven-factor model assessing Group Membership Evaluation, Cultural Efcacy and Active Identity Engagement, Interdependent Self-Concept, Spirituality, Socio-Political Consciousness, Authenticity Beliefs, and the new Perceived Appearance subscale. The Perceived Appearance subscale was internally reliable and predicted unique variation in perceived discrimination and mixed ethnic afliation as both Mori and European when adjusting for the other MMM-ICE2 subscale scores. The MMM-ICE2 is a public domain, quantitative self-report measure for use in statistical models to predict and understand the outcomes and protective function of different aspects of identity for Mori.
Keywords Mori Psychometric Identity Self-report questionnaire
Scale development
1 Introduction
To accurately assess the factors that contribute to social identity for a particular ethno-cultural group scales developed specically for use within and by that group are required. The Multidimensional Model of Mori Identity and Cultural Engagement (or MMM-ICE) is one such emic measure developed specically for use with Mori (Houkamau and Sibley 2010; Sibley and Houkamau 2013). Mori are the indigenous peoples of New Zealand, and comprise approximately 15 % of the population (Statistics New Zealand 2006). The
C. A. Houkamau C. G. Sibley (&)
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand e-mail: [email protected]
The Revised Multidimensional Model of Mori Identity and Cultural Engagement (MMM-ICE2)
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MMM-ICE was originally developed by Houkamau and Sibley (2010) using Exploratory Factor Analysis and provides a comprehensive model of the content and structure of identity experiences and cultural engagement for Mori people. The scale therefore allows comparisons amongst Mori on Mori-specic aspects of identity.
The original MMM-ICE identied six distinct dimensions of Mori identity and cultural engagement (these are listed in Table 1). This original six-factor version of the MMM-ICE...