ANTIPYRETIC HERBAL FORMULATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KWATHA KALPANA OF SARNGADHARA SAMHITA

Abstract

Jwara (fever) was extensively dealt in ayurvedic classics. Various types of fevers like sannipatajwara, vishamajwara, jeernajwara, punaravartakajwara refer to typhoid, malaria, chronic fever, relapsing fever of bacterial viral and parasitic in origin. Sarngadhara samhita (13th century) a medieval treatise mainly dealt pharmaceutics of Ayurveda and mentioned single, simple and polyherbal formulations in different dosage forms like swarasa (juice), kalka (paste), kwatha (decoction), phanta (hot infusion) and hima (cold infusion). Out of all the dosage forms kwatha chapter contains highest number of antipyretic formulations. In the present review an attempt has been made to re-identify the herbs included in these formulations by taking into consideration the interpretations given by Adhamalla (14th AD) who has written a very lucid commentary on Sarngadhara samhita. This exercise may help to develop safe and effective herbal antipyretics which are not yet developed for rendering symptomatic relief in pyrexia.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Jwara (fever) was extensively dealt in ayurvedic classics. Various types of fevers like sannipatajwara, vishamajwara, jeernajwara, punaravartakajwara refer to typhoid, malaria, chronic fever, relapsing fever of bacterial viral and parasitic in origin. Sarngadhara samhita (13th century) a medieval treatise mainly dealt pharmaceutics of Ayurveda and mentioned single, simple and polyherbal formulations in different dosage forms like swarasa (juice), kalka (paste), kwatha (decoction), phanta (hot infusion) and hima (cold infusion). Out of all the dosage forms kwatha chapter contains highest number of antipyretic formulations. In the present review an attempt has been made to re-identify the herbs included in these formulations by taking into consideration the interpretations given by Adhamalla (14th AD) who has written a very lucid commentary on Sarngadhara samhita. This exercise may help to develop safe and effective herbal antipyretics which are not yet developed for rendering symptomatic relief in pyrexia

KEYWORDS: Jwara, Herbal Antipyretics, Sarngadhara samhita

INTRODUCTION

Charaka samhita (1000BC), for the first time attempted to introduce one group consisting of 10 drugs under the name Jwarahara dasaimani. The group consists of medicinal plants namely, Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.), Sarkara (Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) A.Camus), Pata (Cissampelos pareira Linn.), Manjishta (Rubia cordifolia Linn.), Draksha (Vitis vinifera Linn), Peelu (Salvadora persica Linn), Parooshaka (Grewia asiatica Linn), Abhaya (Terminalia chebula Retz.), Amalaka (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and Vibheetaka (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) (Charaka samhita sutrasthana 4/39) (Trikamji Yadavji, 2011). The drugs of this group can be prescribed for symptomatic relief from fever and also employed in the management of various infectious fevers. Charaka observes that jwara (fever) accompanies every individual at the time of birth and death (Charaka samhita chikitsa 3/25) (Trikamji Yadavji, 2011). Sarngadhara has enumerated 25 types of fever basing on Tridosha (three biohumors), onset of fever and psychic factors like fever, anger, toxic substances, pungent smells and subtle organisms(Sarngadhara samhita pradhamakhanda 7/2-6) (P. Sastri, 2005). All these varieties can be categorized under Susrutha's Ashtavidhajwara (8 varieties of fever). The psychological factors like kama (desire or lust), Krodha (anger), bhaya (fear), vidwesha (hatredness) etc also initially vitiate Tridoshas (vayu, pitta and kapha) which are the prime factors in most of the diseases including jwara. It is also observed that jwara is the prime condition which proceeds before the manifestation of most of the diseases. Improper diet and behavior leads to hypofunction of agni (Digestive and metabolic factors), is considered as sole cause of jwara which results in imbalance of functions of deha (body), indriya (sensory organs), and bala (immunity) in the form of irritation and burning sensation of whole body.

Fever is rise in body temperature which occurs following infection and inflammation, and may be produced by a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast and protozoa and by many inflammatory and related reactions such as tissue damage and necrosis, malignancy, antigen-antibody reactions and tissue graftrejection. Fever is classified on the pattern of temperature changes (A.S Milton, 1976). Although fever benefits the nonspecific immune response to invading microorganisms, it is also viewed as a source of discomfort and is commonly suppressed with antipyretic medication. An antipyretic is a type of medication that will prevent or reduce fever by lowering body temperature from a raised state. They will not affect normal body temperature if the patient does not have a fever.

In the present review an attempt has been made to re-identify the herbs included in the antipyretic kwatha formulations of Sarngadhara samhita by taking into consideration the interpretations given by Adhamalla (14th AD). In the light of these information and modern scientific validations a new herbal antipyretic formulation is suggested for rendering symptomatic relief in pyrexia.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Sarngadhra samhita with Adhamalla commentary, other Ayurvedic classics, journals and websites were consulted to compile the specific information about antipyretic drugs.

Sarngadhara samhita denoted in total 38 decoctions for the management of fever (Table-1).

After a systematic analysis, 65 drugs were botanically identified from these 38 Jwaraharakwathayogas. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) and Sunti (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) are included in most of these Kwathayogas. Adhamalla, the versatile commentator has furnished some information with regard to identification of these herbs and their part to be used (Table 2).

The same drugs are used under various names in different kwathayogas. Table 2 helps in the identification of these herbs. The synonym Tikta is used for Katurohini. Kairata is identified as Bhunimba. Whenever Chandana is mentioned in Kwathayogas, Adhamalla advocates the use of Raktachandana. He mentions the use of Latapriyanguphala for Priyangu and Gambharimoola for Gambhari. Gajapippali is identified as Chavikaphala. Adhamalla mentions the use of Sakrabeeja as a substitute for Kutajatvak. The quantity of sakrabeeja to be used should be twice that mentioned for kutajatvak. The botanical identification of the herbs used and their modern scientific validations supporting antipyretic activities are furnished in Table 3.

DISCUSSION

Fever occurs as a result of changes in the central control of deep body temperature produced by pyrogenic substances released following infection and inflammation. An antipyretic is a type of medication that will prevent or reduce fever by lowering body temperature from a raised state. They will not affect normal body temperature if the patient does not have a fever. Fever has been described under Jwara in Ayurvedic texts. Jwara may occur as an independent disease or as symptom or complication of some other diseases. In Jwararoga the aggrevated doshas get accumulated in amashaya due to the dysfunction of agni (energy responsible for digestive and metabolic processes), leading to formation of ama (improperly metabolized toxic component) due to vitiation of rasa dhatu, which circulates in whole body along with rasa and obstructs the swedavaha strotas. Thus a drug to pacify Jwara must have the capacity to remove ama as well as obstruction of swedavaha strotas. In Jwara, Agni (Pitta) is thrown out from the koshta to the sakhas resulting in an increase in body temperature.

Among the shadrasa's tikta rasa possess jwarahara property. It is deepana, pachana and lekhana. Most of the drugs mentioned in the jwrarahara kwathas of sarngadhara samhita possess tikta rasa. Among the 38 jwarahara kwathayogas maximum numbers of drugs are included in Ashtavimsathigana kwatha, which contains 28 drugs. Certain drugs namely Guduchi, Sunthi, Kantakaridvaya, Musta, Parpata, Katuki, Pippalimoola, Pata, Bhunimba and Vasa are repeatedly included in most of the formulations. Guduchi and Sunthi are included in 18 jwarahara kwathayogas. Considering the wide range utility of Guduchi as an antipyretic drug it was given the name jwaravinasini by nighantukaras (Madhava nidana 1/38) (H.H Tripadi, 2009). Sunthi with its excellent amapachana property helps in the samprapti vighatana of jwara. Indrayava the seed of Kutaja is included in 7 formulations where as kutajatvak is included only in 2 formulations. From a thorough review of the drugs enlisted above, it is explicit that all the jwarahara kwathas of Sarngadhara samhita are an excellent combination of drugs having antipyretic, antibacterial, antiviral and antimalarial activities.

Basing on the critical review and analysis carried out with regard to herbs mentioned in kwathakalpana of Sarngadhara samhita and scientific validation produced on these herbs the following formulation is designed for the symptomatic management of fever (Table 4).

Dosage form: Powder

Dose 2-3g

The drugs should be triturated with Amalakyadiganakwatha containing Amalaki, Haritaki, Pippali and Chitraka. Amalakyadigana showed significant antipyretic effect in experimental animals (Manoj Timbadiya, 2013). Charaka samhita recorded certain magico religious prescriptions in the management of Vishamajwara (malaria is included under this category) viz tying sahadevi root, chanting Vishnusahasranama etc. The treatise also noted that fever which is not relieved by any therapeutic measures will be relieved by sadhudarshana (seeing the holymen). These observations recorded, require proper scientific scrutiny to find out the influence of psychic factors against pyrogens.

CONCLUSION

A proper analysis of the evidence based activity of the herbs mentioned in kwatha kalpana of Sarngadhrasamhita shows that these herbs can act as effective antipyretic agents. This knowledge may be helpful to formulate a safe and dependable therapeutic regimen for fever, which is still not available in the herbal drug market. The Antipyretic herbal formulation is suggested consisting of Guduchi, Sunthi, Musta, Bhunimba and Pata (Amalakyadiganakwatha bhavita churna) for the management of febrile conditions.

Sidebar

Cite this article:

Vidhya Unnikrishnan, K Nishteswar (2015), ANTIPYRETIC HERBAL FORMULATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KWATHA KALPANA OF SARNGADHARA SAMHITA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(7): 147-161

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