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ABSTRACT
The first comprehensive numerical analysis of 20 weather stations distributed within the Arctic Circle was performed using daily and monthly diurnal temperature data from the freely available global datasets accessed via KNMI Climate Explorer. The major findings were: that the Arctic Circle is the most extreme place on our planet where seasonal changes can range from +35.0°C in July and -65.0°C in February; that the total ranges of temperature at individual stations can be as ?low' as 75.0 °C and as high as 100.0°C; that on average 75% of the year is spent below the melting point of water and that the youngest years cannot be distinguished from the oldest years using either their monthly or their daily historical thermometer-based data. Since the temperature of the molecules of air that are in contact with water molecules pre-determine the temperature of the water molecules and, therefore, their state (solid/liquid or gas) it must follow that on average the Arctic will be covered by ice/snow for the same proportion of time, i.e., 75% or 9 months of the year.
The same seasonal extreme variations in air temperatures are also observed in ice cover variations observed in the Arctic where the winter's ice cover can be between 14-16 million km2, while during summer the area covered can vary between 4 and 8 million km2. What this analysis also establishes is that the huge variations observed in daily data from every single station make the whole system a chaotic one, therefore making any future forecasting with any usable accuracy an impossible task. Based on observations, dating back to 1900, it can be concluded that it is physically impossible for the Arctic to be ice/snow free in the foreseeable future since the air temperatures were as cold in 2013 as they were in 1900.
Since ice cannot melt below 0.0°C, all these observations point towards the Arctic remaining ice-covered for the next 100 years. It must also follow that any theory predicting imminent melting of the Arctic ice cap cannot be based on thermometer-recorded data and, therefore, must be wrong and will merely be an artefact of using the term temperature where there is no true association with the calibrated thermometer, the instrument used to measure temperature in...