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Web End = Curr Diab Rep (2015) 15: 100
DOI 10.1007/s11892-015-0667-5
OBESITY (J MCCAFFERY, SECTION EDITOR)
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Web End = Brain-Based Etiology of Weight Regulation
Kyle S. Burger1 & Grace E. Shearrer2 & Abigail J. Sanders1
Published online: 23 September 2015# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Caloric intake and energy balance are highly regulated to maintain metabolic homeostasis and weight. However, hedonic-motivated food intake, in particular consumption of highly rewarding foods, may act to override hemostatic signaling and contribute to overconsumption, weight gain, and obesity. Here, we review human neuroimaging literature that has delivered valuable insight into the neural correlates of hedonic-motivated ingestive behavior, weight gain, weight loss, and metabolic status. Our primary focus is the brain regions that are thought to encode aspects of food hedonics, gustatory and somatosensory processing, and executive functioning. Further, we discuss the variability of regional brain response as a function of obesity, weight gain, behavioral and surgical weight loss, as well as in type 2 diabetes.
Keywords FunctionalMRI .Reward .Obesity .Foodintake . Ingestive behavior . Hedonically motivated food intake
Introduction
The determinants of ingestive behavior and weight regulation are frequently thought to involve homeostatic, hedonic, and somatosensory systems, which interact with the external
environment to influence food intake and ultimately metabolic status [1, 2]. Homeostatic systems act to maintain energy balance and weight, primarily operating through appetitive peptide signaling (e.g., leptin, ghrelin, insulin, GLP-1) that acts on neural circuitry both directly and via the vagal nerve and to influence neuropeptides (e.g., neuropeptide Y, promelanocortin-c, cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript, agouti-related peptide) in the hypothalamus. Somato-sensory and gustatory brain regions (oral somatosensory cortex, anterior insula/frontal operculum [AI/FO]) are highly involved with aspects of taste response during food intake [3, 4]. Hedonic systems (pleasure/reward) modulate the homeostatic and somatosensory systems, with research indicating that the hedonic system can override the homeostatic need to eat [5], possibly contributing to excess food intake and weight gain. Dopamine and the dopamine 2 receptor (D2) are the cellular messenger and receptor encoding reward/pleasure in the well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry (e.g., dorsal/ventral striatum, periaqueductal grey [PAG], medial orbitofrontal cortex [mOFC],...