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Franck Amyot. 1 The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland. 2 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
David B. Arciniegas. 3 Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 4 Brain Injury Research, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, Texas.
Michael P. Brazaitis. 5 United States Army, retired; formerly with the Geneva Foundation.
Kenneth C. Curley. 6 Combat Casualty Care Directorate ( RAD2) , U. S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Ramon Diaz-Arrastia. 2 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
Amir Gandjbakhche. 1 The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
Peter Herscovitch. 7 Positron Emission Tomography Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sidney R. Hinds II. 8 Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Silver Spring, Maryland.
Geoffrey T. Manley. 9 Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Anthony Pacifico. 10 Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Alexander Razumovsky. 11 Sentient NeuroCare Services, Inc. , Hunt Valley, Maryland.
Jason Riley. 12 Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 13 ArcheOptix Inc. , Picton, Ontario, Canada.
Wanda Salzer. 10 Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Robert Shih. 14 Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
James G. Smirniotopoulos. 15 Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Biomedical Informatics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
Derek Stocker. 14 Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
Address correspondence to: Anthony Pacifico, PhD, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, MCMR-CD, 1077 Patchel Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5024, E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States was 3.5 million cases in 2009, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.1 Recent data indicate that 1.37 million Americans are treated and released from an emergency department (ED), 275,000 are hospitalized and discharged alive, and 52,000 die as a consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI).2 It is further estimated that TBI is a...