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Web End = Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2016) 33:1524
DOI 10.1007/s10560-015-0397-1
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Web End = The School-to-Prison Pipeline: A Critical Review of the Punitive Paradigm Shift
Christopher A. Mallett1
Published online: 28 April 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This paper reviews evidence of the school-to-prison pipeline, a conuence of two child- and adolescent-caring systemsschools and juvenile courtsthat simultaneously shifted over the past generation from rehabilitative to punitive paradigms. While there was crossover impact between these systems, the movements were both independent and inter-dependent. In the school systems, and particularly those that are overburdened and undernanced, many students have been increasingly suspended and expelled due to criminalizing both typical adolescent developmental behaviors as well as low-level type misdemeanors: acting out in class, truancy, ghting, and other similar offenses. The increased use of zero tolerance policies and police (safety resource ofcers) in the schools has exponentially increased arrests and referrals to the juvenile courts. While impacting many, unfortunately, these changes disproportionately affect vulnerable children, adolescents, and their families. Thus, millions of young people have become encapsulated in harmful punitive systems. Very few of these young people are actually appropriately involved, in that they do not pose safety risks to their schools or communities. Thus, the school-to-prison pipeline does not improve school or community safety.
Keywords School Discipline Prison Pipeline
Safety Adolescent
Introduction
The United States school districts and juvenile courts were never intended to operate in a collaborative paradigm. Unfortunately, over the past 30 years a partnership among schools and courts has developed through a punitive and harmful framework, to the detriment of many vulnerable children and adolescents. This phenomenon is often referred to as the school-to-prison pipeline (Kang-Brown et al. 2013) or school pathways to the juvenile justice system (Marsh 2014). This pipeline is best understood as a set of policies and practices in schools that make it more likely that students face criminal involvement with the juvenile courts than attain a quality education (Advancement Project et al. 2011). The evidentiary impact of these policies and disproportionate impact on...