Content area
Full Text
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = Ecotoxicology (2016) 25:320328 DOI 10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x&domain=pdf
Web End = Effect of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on mortality of articially reared honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera carnica)
Sophie Krainer1 Robert Brodschneider1 Jutta Vollmann1 Karl Crailsheim1
Ulrike Riessberger-Gall1
Accepted: 13 November 2015 / Published online: 21 November 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a heat-formed, acid-catalyzed contaminant of sugar syrups, which nd their way into honey bee feeding. As HMF was noted to be toxic to adult honey bees, we investigated the toxicity of HMF towards larvae. Therefore we exposed articially reared larvae to a chronic HMF intoxication over 6 days using 6 different concentrations (5, 50, 750, 5000, 7500 and 10,000 ppm) and a control. The mortality was assessed from day 2 to day 7 (d7) and on day 22 (d22). Concentrations ranging from 5 to 750 ppm HMF did not show any inuence on larval or pupal mortality compared to controls (p [ 0.05; KaplanMeier analysis). Concentrations of 7500 ppm or higher caused a larval mortality of 100 %. An experimental LC50 of 4280 ppm (d7) and 2424 ppm (d22)
was determined. The calculated LD50 was 778 lg HMF per larva on d7 and 441 lg HMF on d22. Additionally, we exposed adult honey bees to high concentrations of HMF to compare the mortality to the results from larvae. On d7 larvae are much more sensitive against HMF than adult honey bees after 6 days of feeding. However, on d22 after emergence adults show a lower LC50, which indicates a higher sensitivity than larvae. As toxicity of HMF against honey bees is a function of time and concentration, our results indicate that HMF in supplemental food will probably not cause great brood losses. Yet sublethal effects might decrease tness of the colony.
Keywords Honey bee HMF In vitro larval rearing
Chronic intoxication Supplemental food
Introduction
Honey bee nutrition plays a vital part in developing and maintaining healthy and strong colonies. Carbohydrates are essential as they provide energy for all activities within the hive and during foraging....