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Contents
- Abstract
- Theoretical Framework
- How Does Women’s Underrepresentation Differ Across STEM?
- Do Patterns of Underrepresentation Hold Across the Pipeline?
- Scope
- Proposed Model Explaining Women’s Varying Representation in STEM Fields
- Method
- Masculine Culture
- Stereotypes of the Fields
- Stereotypes of the people in the fields
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Stereotypes about the work in the fields
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Income potential
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Perceptions of work/family conflict
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Perceptions of the value of STEM
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Negative Stereotypes and Perceived Bias
- Negative stereotypes of women’s abilities
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Perceptions of gender bias and discrimination
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Lack of Role Models
- Lack of female role models
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Lack of relatable role models
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Insufficient Early Experience
- Few Course Offerings
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Freedom to Choose Courses
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Gender Gaps in Early Educational Experiences
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Gender Gaps in Self-Efficacy
- Variability Within STEM
- Influence on Gender Disparities in Participation
- Summary
- Factors That Are Less Likely to Explain Current Variability in Gender Participation
- Formal Discrimination
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Math Ability and Performance
- Variability within STEM
- Influence on gender disparities in participation
- Summary
- Other Factors
- Labor Market and Institutional Forces
- Peer Support
- Attitudes Toward STEM
- What Will Work to Reduce Women’s Underrepresentation?
- Extension of the Model to Explaining Other Disparities
- Places for Future Work
- Conclusion
Figures and Tables
Abstract
Women obtain more than half of U.S. undergraduate degrees in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, yet they earn less than 20% of computer science, engineering, and physics undergraduate degrees (National Science Foundation, 2014a). Gender differences in interest in computer science, engineering, and physics appear even before...