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Oecologia (2016) 182:11171128
DOI 10.1007/s00442-016-3722-2
PLANT-MICROBE-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS - ORIGINAL RESEARCH
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-7058
Web End = Received: 14 August 2016 / Accepted: 4 September 2016 / Published online: 20 September 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
resident parasitoids, but no correlation existed between these two effects. The recent decline of E. postvittana in California may be due to the low quality of some host plants and to the many resident enemies that readily attack it, perhaps due to its phylogenetic relatedness to resident tortricids.
Keywords Ecological tting Enytus eureka Meteorus ictericus Secondary metabolites Trichogramma fasciatum
Introduction
Global transportation and trade have combined synergistically with the onset of global warming to facilitate the colonization and spread of many invasive species (Crowl et al. 2008). The success of an exotic species in a novel environment, however, depends on a suite of traits that determine its compatibility with the local climate, ability to nd and exploit resources, and capacity to defend against and/or escape from resident enemies. How well an exotic species ts into a novel environment and which associations are formed with resource and enemy species are determined by ecological tting (Janzen 1985). Through ecological tting, an exotic species may be pre-adapted to use novel resources that it has not previously encountered in its ancestral range, allowing for shifts or expansions in resource use without the need for evolutionary change (Agosta 2006; Agosta and Klemens 2008). Similarly, although exotic species frequently escape from natural enemies (Keane and Crawley 2002; Mitchell and Power 2003; Torchin et al. 2003), occasionally, they encounter biotic resistance from resident enemies that may either prevent their establishment or limit their performance in a novel environment (Carlsson et al. 2009; Elton 1958; Kimbro et al. 2013; Levine et al. 2004; Maron and Vila 2001).
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Web End = Novel multitrophic interactions among an exotic, generalist herbivore, its host plants and resident enemies in California
Julie V. Hopper1,2http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-7058
Web End = Nicholas J. Mills2
Abstract What happens when an exotic herbivore invades and encounters novel host plants and enemies? Here, we investigate the impacts of host plant quality and plant architecture on an exotic generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its interactions with resident parasitoids in California. Using articial diet and ve plant...