Nw-hydroxy-l-arginine as a novel ethnic specific indicator of estrogen-negative breast cancer

Abstract

As a heterogeneous disease, breast cancer can be divided into distinct subtypes. Among the two major subsets of estrogen receptor-negative (ER⁻) and ER-positive (ER⁺) tumors, the ER⁻ is a more aggressive subtype, more difficult to treat, has greater ethnic disparity concerns, worse prognosis, and almost twice the risk of mortality. We provide here a fundamental delineation of N^w-hydroxy-l-arginine as a sensitive and reliable ethnic specific indicator for ER⁻ breast cancer early-prognosis (United States provisional patent application number 62232816).