Geographical tourism research and education at the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism in Poland (1936-1939)

Abstract

The beginning of the twentieth century was a time of intensive development of geographical research on tourism, as well as the establishment of tourism research centers in many European countries. The Jagiellonian University School of Tourism played an important role in the development of tourism geography and education, spatial and regional planning, and personnel training for tourism developing in the 1930s in Poland. Tourism education in the school was characterized by a modern curriculum and forms of teaching, including fieldwork, focusing on developing practical skills, and linking research topics with the teaching process. The school conducted extensive research, publishing and documentary activities. The achievements of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism helped raise awareness in society of the importance of tourism in the socio-economic development of regions and cities. This article presents the history of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism and highlights its role in the development of tourism research and education in Europe. The school is mentioned among the pioneering centers of tourism, i.e., Robert Glucksmann's Tourism Research Institute at the Berlin School of Commerce, Walter Hunziker's and Kurt Krapf's tourism seminar in St. Gallen, and Raoul Blanchard's Institute of Alpine Geography in Grenoble.

Hist. Geo Space Sci., 7, 91101, 2016 www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/7/91/2016/ doi:10.5194/hgss-7-91-2016 Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

Geographical tourism research and education at the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism in

Poland (19361939)

Antoni Jackowski, Izabela Sojan, Elzbieta Bilska-Wodecka, and Justyna Liro

Research Team on Geography of Religion, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management,Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, Poland

Correspondence to: Justyna Liro ([email protected])

Received: 5 October 2016 Accepted: 2 November 2016 Published: 17 November 2016

Abstract. The beginning of the twentieth century was a time of intensive development of geographical research on tourism, as well as the establishment of tourism research centers in many European countries. The Jagiellonian University School of Tourism played an important role in the development of tourism geography and education, spatial and regional planning, and personnel training for tourism developing in the 1930s in Poland. Tourism education in the school was characterized by a modern curriculum and forms of teaching, including eldwork, focusing on developing practical skills, and linking research topics with the teaching process. The school conducted extensive research, publishing and documentary activities. The achievements of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism helped raise awareness in society of the importance of tourism in the socio-economic development of regions and cities. This article presents the history of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism and highlights its role in the development of tourism research and education in Europe. The school is mentioned among the pioneering centers of tourism, i.e., Robert Glucksmanns Tourism Research Institute at the Berlin School of Commerce, Walter Hunzikers and Kurt Krapfs tourism seminar in St. Gallen, and Raoul Blanchards Institute of Alpine Geography in Grenoble.

1 Introduction

The article presents the history of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism and its role in the development of geographical tourism research and education. The school was founded in 1936 and it was one of the rst institutes of tourism geography. It conducted innovative academic courses using new research methods and results of studies. It also discussed publishing and popularizing the activities of the school. Particular attention was paid to cooperation with tourist organizations and similar research centers all over the world. The article also presents the school in relation to the development of tourism research centers in Europe. The schools history has been researched only partially in Polish (Jackowski, 2003; Leszczycki, 1992; Tokarski, 1992; Jackowski and Sojan, 2009; Jackowski and Liro, 2015). The rst published information about the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism appeared shortly after its founding (Kli-

maszewski, 1936; Nawratilwna, 1938). Due to the lack of source materials and archives, which were lost during World War II, the study was mainly based on published reports and the information contained in pre-war publications and journals (Leszczycki, 1937, 1938). Archival materials belonging to Antoni Jackowski, provided to him by the schools founder Stanisaw Leszczycki, were also used.

2 The development of tourism geography in Europe until 1939

Along with the appearance in Europe, at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, of a growing number of people travelling for pleasure, representatives of many scientic disciplines became interested in this phenomenon. Among the rst ones who paid attention to this issue were geographers. In addition to naturalists and humanists, they made an important contribution to the development of scientic

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92 A. Jackowski et al.: Geographical tourism research and education at the Jagiellonian University School

research on tourism. It was a time when the issues of geographical research began to move away from studies limited almost exclusively to the natural environment, and research into various aspects of human activity was undertaken. Geographers also developed tourist guides to help travellers visit the most interesting places. The issues of broadly understood tourism were rstly addressed by geographers from Germany and Austria. Alexander von Humboldt should be primarily included among these scientists. Humboldts work is characterized by the connected elements of nature and ethnography, as well as mans economic activity, modern at that time.The knowledge of tourism was to a considerable extent taken into account by Karl Ritter, the founder of modern geography (Ritter, 18221859). He preferred the regional presentation of geographical phenomena. The issues associated with tourism were also noticed by Friedrich Ratzel, one of the developers of anthropogeography. His works contain information related to ethnography and tourist values (Ratzel, 1882).A settlement network that developed as a result of tourist visits was described by Johann Georg Kohl (1841). Similar issues were broadly taken into account by Alfred Hettner, Kurt Hassert, and Josef Stradner. Alfred Hettner (1927), a prominent theorist of geography, devoted much attention in his signicant work to tourist destinations and health resorts, as well as to the already emerging process of excessive urbanization. Similarly, Kurt Hassert mentions places where development was linked to tourist functions (Hasser, 1908). Josef Stadner was the rst to present a study of scientic issues related to tourism and the research scope of tourism geography (Stadner, 1905). Josef Stadner, geographer and ethnographer, an explorer of the region of the Adriatic Sea, was the rst to attempt to outline the research scope of tourism geography (Fremdenvekrehrsgeographie), and discussed the impact of tourism on the development of the national economy, the issue of tourist values, land development and accessibility in terms of communication. At that time, two series of research expeditions called the International Polar Year (IPY) had a large impact on the development of geographical research and spotting its multidisciplinarity. The rst Polar Year took place in the years 1882 1883, and the second one in 19321933. The studies of polar regions undertaken by an international team of experts included observations in all elds of Earth science, and set off their development.

Geographers began to notice and explain the spatial aspects of travelling, tourism, and recreation in the 1920s (Mitchell and Murphy, 1991). The 1930s were a period of intensive development of geographical studies on tourism.The scope of research in this eld began to systematize more and more strongly. The development of spatial planning in Europe and North America caused the issue of tourism to be increasingly taken into account in planning studies.The development of tourism meant that academic institutions specializing in tourism research and education started to be established in a number of countries. This took place

especially in those countries where tourism played an important role in the socio-economic policy, i.e., Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the UK. Between 1929 and 1934, the primary unit was the Berlin School of Tourism Research (Forschungsinstitut fr den Fremdenverkehr) at the Berlin School of Commerce (Handelschochule, and since 1935 Wirtschaftshochsule). The head of this institution was Robert Glcksmann, one of the leading theorists of sociology and tourism geography (Panosso Nettoa and Jger, 2015).The most prominent geographers associated with the Berlin School of Tourism Research were Georg Wegener (1929) and Adolf Grnthal (1934). An important role in these studies was played by the Institutes of Geography in Innsbruck and Vienna. Hans Poser is considered to be one of the most important developers of tourism geography. His work was the rst monograph on tourism in the Karkonosze Mountains (Poser, 1939).

The issues of tourism also began to appear in French geographical literature, mainly owing to Paul Vidal de la Blache, widely recognized as the pioneer in geography in France, and also one of the co-founders of European anthropogeography.He was the author of numerous works of a regional nature (Vidal de la Blache, 1922). His work in this eld Principes de gographie humaine (published posthumously in 1922 by Emanuel de Martonne) has been republished up to the present day. Pierre Lasserre introduced to the literature of the subject the term industrie touristique, a concept that was later to become synonymous with the tourist economy (Lasserre, 1930). A leading research center was the Institute of Alpine Geography in Grenoble (Institut de Gographie Alpine), founded in 1907 by Raoul Blanchard (1911, 1919, 1925, 1928). Geographers involved in tourism were able to publish in the journal Revue de Gographie Alpine founded by Raoul Blanchard in 1913. The journal is still published today. Moreover, research in this eld was conducted in France by geographers afliated with the universities in Toulouse, Bordeaux and Pau. Thus, tourism geography in France became one of the most applicable disciplines of geography. In 1941 in Switzerland, Walter Hunziker and Kurt Krapf established in St. Gallen a research center on tourism (Seminar fr Fremdenverkehr). In Italy, geographical conditions for the development of tourism were dealt with by Angelo Mariotti, a professor at the Sapienza University in Rome (Mariotti, 1933, 1939). Among the British works, the studies by Frederick Wolff Ogilvie and Arthur Norval are noteworthy. Frederick Wolff Ogilvies (1933) work about the economic aspects of tourism is considered to be the rst monograph in the UK in the eld of the sociology of tourism. He attributed considerable importance to the geographical conditions for the development of tourism.Arthur Norvals (1936) work concerns the tourism industry, in which an interesting part refers to natural tourist attractions, mainly in South Africa.

The traditions of tourism studies in Poland are associated primarily with the Jagiellonian University (Jackowski, 2010).

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A. Jackowski et al.: Geographical tourism research and education at the Jagiellonian University School 93

Figure 1. The building of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism in 1936, Krakow (source: the archives of Antoni Jack-owski).

The inter-war period was characterized by high tourist activity of Polish society. In 1938, about 3 million people took part in tourist trips. The number of holiday resorts increased from about 300 in the early 1920s to over 1000 just before World War II. The growing importance of tourism, and the economic and spatial processes related to it, were also recognized by geographers as early as before World War I. Compared to the European countries and the US, tourism geography began to develop in Poland relatively late, only after 1930. On 1418 May 1935, a session of Conseil Central de Tourisme International, the most important international tourist organization at that time, was held in Krakow in Poland.

The decision to found the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism in the 1930s was inuenced among others by the development of tourism, spatial and regional planning, and the growing interest in tourism on the part of government authorities and business organizations.

Figure 2. Stanislaw Leszczycki, head of the school, with Jerzy Smolenski during a seminar, 1936 (source: the archives of Antoni Jackowski).

3 The foundation and activity of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism

The Provincial Ofce in Krakow decided to establish a research unit at the Jagiellonian University, inspired by and based on similar institutes in some foreign universities, especially the Berlin Tourism School of Research. The Provincial Ofce was a government organization concerned with spatial planning and development of the Lesser Poland Province. Krakow, the heart of the most important tourism region, was chosen as the center of studies on tourism in Poland. The selection of this location was also supported by the fact that the top Polish geographers who were interested in the issues of tourism worked there (Fig. 1).

The Jagiellonian University School was established on23 April 1936 at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Founded in 1364, the Jagiellonian University is the oldest university in Poland, and the second oldest university in central Europe. The school was headed by Stanisaw Leszczycki (Fig. 2). The main purpose of its activities was to scientically research tourism and to train staff for tourism institutions. The unit was funded by regional tourist organizations and the local government commissioning tasks from it, as well as by the Ministry of Communications and the League for the Promotion of Tourism in Poland.

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Table 1. Tourism education at the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism (source: authors own work based on archival materials of the school).

Academic Course Course type year

1935/1936 Geographical and economic basics of aspects of tourism LecturesTourism geography Seminars and eldwork

1936/1937 The basics of tourism geography Lectures, seminars and practicumsStatistics and applied cartography Seminars, practicums, excursions and eldworkTourism geography of Poland Lectures, discussions, excursions and eldworkStatistics and applied cartography Seminars, practicums, excursions and eldworkThe health resorts of Europe Discussions, seminars, excursions, and summer internships Balneography Lectures and discussions

1937/1938 Tourism geography Lectures and seminarsStatistics and applied cartography Seminars, practicums, excursions and eldwork Geographical basics of regional planning Lectures, seminars and summer internships Balneography Lectures and discussionsThe balneography of Poland and Europe Lectures and discussions

1938/1939 Tourism geography Lectures, discussions and seminarsTourism geography of Poland Lectures, discussions, excursions, and eldwork Balneography Lectures and discussionsThe issues of tourism in Europe Lectures and seminars

3.1 Tourism education

One of the main tasks of the school was to train people who were to work in tourist institutes in the future. Students graduating from the Jagiellonian University Faculties of Philosophy and Law, and the School of Physical Education, were admitted to a 1-year course in the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism. In the academic year 1936/1937, the school had 20 students and, in 1937/1938 and 1938/1939, 22.The students included a number of people who later played an important role in Polish geography, tourism, environmental protection, and spatial planning.

The main teaching forms included lectures, discussions, seminars, practicums, excursions, eldwork, and summer internships (Table 1).

Scholls students were required to prepare seminar papers covering a very broad scope of problems. They related to the issues of nature conservation in the context of the development of tourist phenomena, European winter sports stations and health resorts, tourist attractions, various forms of tourism, tourism development, transport accessibility, tourism statistics, legal and organizational issues, and the history of tourism. Summer internships were held mainly at the ofces of the League for the Promotion of Tourism, among others, in Gdynia, Krynica, Szczawnica, Zakopane, Lvov, Warsaw, and Vilnius. Such internships were also carried out in departments of the Polish Tourist Association in Krakow, the Holiday Association of the Districts and Municipalities of the Province of Krakow, the Association of the Propagation of Tourism of the Capital City of

Warsaw, and in the Union of Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Some students went for international internships, among others in Denmark, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Italy.During the academic year, ve to seven excursions mainly to the Carpathian Mountains and to the north of Poland, and Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden were held.The Jagiellonian University School of Tourism also organized training workshops for employees of local government institutions and tourism organizations. Measures were taken to introduce classes in tourism (as a subject of instruction) into vocational secondary education. It also voiced its opinion on the curricula provided for hotel training schools.

3.2 Scientic and documentary activities

Scientic activity was the second main purpose of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism. Basic material was collected during eldwork. The school gathered supporting materials, mainly in the form of les of tourist attractions, and a cadaster of holiday resorts. The result of its research activity was over 100 study works, many of which were recognized as theses, including masters theses at the Jagiellonian University Institute of Geography. The research issues were very extensive. Studies of the Carpathian Mountains, issues of tourism and health resorts relating to the whole of Poland and other countries, especially Germany, clearly dominated among the published works. The most important research issues focused on the theory of tourism geography, statistics and classications, tourist movement and industry, regional planning and tourism policy (Table 2).

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Table 2. Research issues of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism (source: authors own work based on archival materials of the school).

Research issues Examples

Denition and scope of tourism geography Method of point grading in tourismBasis for regional planning studies for tourism

Statistics and classication Tourist regionalization of PolandClassication of tourist attractions and health resorts in the Carpathians Classication of tourist development in the CarpathiansDatabase of tourist destinations in Poland and in the mountain areas of Europe

Tourist movement Tourist movement in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Romania, and SwedenInternational tourist movement in Poland and EuropeSeasonality of the tourism movement in the Carpathians, Poland and Europe Tourism in health resorts in Poland and EuropeSki tourism in Poland and Europe and in the world

Tourist industry Impact of tourism on the local economyClassication of tourist resorts due to economic factorsEconomic importance of the tourist movement in Silesia, the Carpathians and Poland Hotel industry in Poland and Europe

Economic importance Landscape protection in tourism and health resorts in Poland and Europe of nature reserves Importance of nature reserves for tourism development

Development strategy of tourism in the Carpathians, Malopolska and Silesia Regional planning Development strategy of tourism and health resorts in Polandand tourism policy Tourist business agreements and laws for summer resorts and health resorts in Poland

Tourism policy in Germany, Italy and Switzerland

However, it was theoretical treatises that proved to be of essential importance in the development of tourism geography as an independent discipline of geographical sciences.Stanisaw Leszczycki (1938) dened tourism geography in the following way:

Tourism geography is the whole of theoretical, economic, cultural, geographical, statistical, legal, cultural, and social issues related to the tourist movement. The main issues of tourism geography are related to man, the geographical environment, economic exploitation of the ground, and the works and culture of man.

This was a clear improvement over previous attempts, which often narrowed tourism geography to the examination of only selected issues related to tourism, mainly of the natural environment. The school sought to develop a research methodology for tourist phenomena. It was in the works of this institution that the method of point grading which was applied to the classication of tourist attractions and tourist development of towns and villages in Podhale (mountain region in Poland) was rst used. This method began to be used almost universally only in the post-war studies in Poland, especially until the mid-1970s.

The issue of tourist destinations occupied an important place in the studies of the school. Works on the cadaster of

resorts were aimed at developing a uniform method of registering tourist events and the attendance and tourist development in Poland.

For example, Stanisaw Leszczycki presented the following classication scheme for health resorts.

1. Large companies (holdings with the resort tax or with public utilities). These include health resorts, climate stations (high montane, montane, submontane, village, forest, steppe), and bathing resorts (sea, river, lake).

2. Qualied companies including health resorts, bathing resorts without the right to levy the resort tax, large developed summer resorts (entertainment destinations), and equipped individual structures (hotels, hostels, guest houses, mansions).

3. Non-qualied companies including small, non-equipped summer resorts, villages, towns, non-equipped individual structures (mansions, guest houses, shelters, foresters lodges, presbyteries), camps and colonies. The distinguishing feature of studies developed in the school was widely taking into account economic issues. Stanislaw Leszczycki, as the rst in Poland, took into consideration the issue of the so-called holiday trafc, which is now called weekend tourism. He also pointed to the relationship between

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Figure 3. Map of tourist attractions in Poland. Author: Stanisaw Leszczycki, handmade (source: the archives of Antoni Jackowski). the tourist activity of inhabitants and the level ofincome, and presented the nancial gains achieved byeach town or village receiving tourists in Poland.

The Jagiellonian University School of Tourism also had its major achievements in the eld of tourist cartography. At the end of 1938, the archive had over 100 manuscript maps deal-

ing with various issues related to tourism. Undoubtedly, the biggest project involved the works on the Tourist Atlas of Poland (Fig. 3). By the end of 1938, 21 maps for the general section (a scale of 1 : 1 000 000) and 17 tourist maps of provinces and the capital city of Warsaw for the specic section (a scale of 1 : 100 000) were developed. In 1939, all the

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studies were basically completed; however, most of them disappeared during World War II.

Among the schools activities in the cartographic eld-work on a tourist map of Poland at a scale of 1 : 50 000, a map of holiday resorts and winter holiday resorts in Europe and a map of car and tourist roads in mountainous areas of Europe can be mentioned. Moreover, at the turn of 1938/1939, works on the development of the geography of international tourism in Europe were begun. A distinguishing feature of the study conducted by the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism was also its extensive consideration of economic issues. The school also conducted documentary activity. It mainly involved works on the le of tourist attractions, a register of individual tourist attractions and infrastructure. At the end of 1938, the le had a record of approx. 17 000 attractions in Poland, and nearly 2200 literature items.

3.3 Publishing activity

The school conducted extensive publishing activity, issuing Prace Studium Turyzmu UJ (The Papers of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism) (6 volumes), Komunikaty Studium Turyzmu UJ (Announcements of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism) (22 volumes), and the Turyzm Polski (Tourism of Poland) journal (annual volumes 1938 1939). Original treatises approaching research topics in a comprehensive manner were published in The Papers of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism, whereas summaries of the conducted works, reports, statements, preliminary test results, statistical materials and translations were published in the Announcements of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism. Theoretical problems and organizational and economic issues of tourism, as well as statistical publications, chronicles of events in tourism both in the country and worldwide, as well as a review of the literature on tourism occupied the principal place in the Turyzm Polski journal.

The publications of the school tried to take the most important and most current topics for the development of tourism, often in relation to economic issues. Also, numerous foreign authors presented their papers there, among others Karin Dieckmann (Finland), Nicolas D. Eghinitis (Greece), Maximilian Klafkowski (Germany), Angelo Mariotti (Italy), and Ksarlis Vanags (Lithuania) (Table 3).

3.4 International cooperation

The Jagiellonian University School of Tourism established contacts with similar foreign institutions, public agencies, local governments, and others related to tourism in Europe. The main objectives of cooperation in research were exchanging scientic and statistical materials, and organizing eld studies for the participants. The rst direct contacts were established with institutions in Austria, Greece, Yugoslavia, Germany, Romania, and Italy. The school entered into relation-

ships with nearly 50 European partners. Moreover, contacts with ofcial tourist ofces of all European countries, and many countries outside Europe, as well as with international organizations related to tourism, were maintained. An important role in the development of this cooperation was played by the Tourism of Poland journal (an exchange with 72 periodic publications from 28 countries in 1938). Additionally, the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism developed the following expert opinions:

the organization of tourism in Poland for the French

Tourist Ofce (Ofce National du Tourisme);

the organization of tourism in Poland for the International Labor Ofce in Geneva; and

the economic issues of international tourism for Conseil

Central du Tourisme International.

4 Conclusion

As a result of nancial problems and a conict regarding nature conservation, the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism had to suspend its activities in 1939. The ultimate end came with the outbreak of World War II and the arrest of the head of the school, Stanisaw Leszczycki, as part of Sonderaktion Krakau.

This article presents the history of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism. The school played an important role in the development of tourism geography and education in Europe, especially in Poland. The curriculum and teaching methods, both indoors and in the eld, were modern at that time, and are still in practice. A very strong link between research studies and the teaching process should be emphasized. Owing to this, tourist facilities were manned by a well-prepared staff of specialists, a large group of whom constituted the basis of the staff employed in tourism, spatial planning, and research centers. A very strong link between research studies and the teaching process should be emphasized. Attention should also be paid to the practical aspect of most of the studies commissioned by various agencies, institutions, and organizations. Students were engaged to carry out the schools research program, which resulted in the integration of the team, in the further participation of graduates in study works, and in the organization of eld studies. Systematic studies in this eld began to be conducted for the rst time in Poland. The issues addressed in research work were related to a wide variety of topics. The school also sought to develop the terminology and methodology of the study of tourism. The method of point grading, which was applied to the classication of tourist attractions, was rst used in the school. Great importance was also attached to the study of issues related to the classication of tourist destinations on the basis of the size of tourist movement and the transformation of the physiognomy of villages and towns under the inuence of tourism. The Jagiellonian University School of

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Table 3. The selected articles published by the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism (source: authors own work based on archival materials of the school).

Year Author Original title English title Journal

1932 Stanisaw Geograa turystyczna jako Tourism geography Pamietnik Polskiego Leszczycki naukowe ujecie zagadnie as a scientic approach Towarzystwa turystyki Balneologicznego

1934 Stanisaw Plany regulacyjne i ochrona Plans and landscape Komunikaty Komisji Leszczycki krajobrazu w uzdrowiskach protection in health Regionalnej Podhala oraz gminach posiadaj acych resorts and towns with i Beskidw Zachodnich walory krajobrazowe landscape values

Les regions de lindustrie The regions of the Acta Balneologica balneaire et touristique en seaside and tourismPologne industry in Poland

1937 Stanisaw Podhale jako region Podhale as a tourist Prace Studium TuryzmuLeszczycki turystyczny region UJ

Region Podhala. Podstawy Podhale region. The Biuletyn Komisji geograczno-gospodarcze basics of the geographic Studiw Ligii Popierania planu regionalnego and economic regional Turystykiplan

Wspczesne zagadnienia Contemporary issues Komunikaty Studium geograi turyzmu of tourism geography Turyzmu UJ

Zagadnienia geograi turyzmu The issues of tourism Komunikaty Studium geography Turyzmu UJ

Znaczenie gospodarcze ruchu The economic Zagadnienia uzdrowiskowo-turystycznego importance of the tourist Gospodarczel aska nal asku movement in Silesia

1938 Karin Die organisation des The organization of the Tourism of PolandDieckmann fremdenverkehrs in Finnland international tourist movement in Finland

Nicolas De moyenes modernes Modern means of tourist Tourism of Poland

Eghinitis de la propagande touristique propaganda

Nicolas Les qualites touristiques de la Tourist qualities Tourism of Poland

Eghinitis Grece of Greece

Walery Turystyka a ochrona przyrody Tourism and nature Tourism of Poland

Goetel conservation

Ruch uzdrowiskowo- The tourist movement Komunikaty Studium letniskowy w Polsce in Poland Turyzmu UJ

Uzdrowiska Polski i ich The Polish health resorts Komunikaty Studium rozmieszczenie oraz rozwj and their distribution and Turyzmu UJ Stanisaw w latach 19221938 development in the yearsLeszczycki 19221938

Wytyczne gospodarki Guidelines for the Komunikaty Studium uzdrowiskowo-letniskowej summer resort in the Turyzmu UJw Karpatach Carpathian Mountains

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Table 3. Continued.

Year Author Original title English title Journal

1938 Elfryda Organizacja ruchu The organization of Tourism of PolandTrybowska turystycznego w Niemczech tourism in Germany

Mieczysaw Statystyka turystyczna w Tourist statistics in Tourism of Poland

Orowicz Austrii Austria

Zbigniew Podstawy prawne turystyki The legal basis for Tourism of Poland

Tokarski w Rumunii tourism in Romania

Zbigniew Zagospodarowanie The tourist facilities Tourism of Poland

Tokarski turystyczne Karpat. of the Carpathians.Rozmieszczenie i typy Distribution and types schronisk of resorts

Elfryda Geograczne rozmieszczenie The geographical Tourism of Poland

Trybowska narciarstwa nawiecie distribution of skiingin the worldCzesaw Normy klimatyczne The climatic standards Tourism of Poland Trybowski miejscowoci of the health resortsuzdrowiskowych in Germanyw Niemczech

Tadeusz Rozmieszczenie przemysu Distribution of the hotel Tourism of Poland

Wilgat hotelowego w Polsce industry in Poland

Ruch cudzoziemcw The international tourist Tourism of Poland w Finlandii movement in Finland

Ruch cudzoziemcw The international tourist Tourism of Poland w Rumunii movement in Romania

Ruch cudzoziemcw The international tourist Tourism of Poland w Szwecji movement in Sweden

Turystyka w Belgii Tourism in Belgium Tourism of Poland

1939 Wanda Ruch uzdrowiskowo- The tourist movement in Komunikaty Studium Leszczycka letniskowy w the Pomeranian province Turyzmu UJ wojewdztwie pomorskim in the summer season ofw sezonie letnim 1938 1938

Tadeusz Sezon letni w ruchu The summer season Komunikaty Studium

Chorabik uzdrowiskowo-turystycznym of the tourist movement Turyzmu UJw wojewdztwie krakowskim in the region of Krakow

Mieczysaw Aktualne problemy turystyki The current problems Prace Studium

Fularski zagranicznej of international tourism Turyzmu UJ

Wanda Wytyczne polityki turystycznej The tourism policy Tourism of Poland

Leszczycka w Szwajcarii in Switzerland

Angelo Lorganizzazione turistica The organization Tourism of Poland

Mariotti nellItalia of tourism in Italy

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Table 3. Continued.

Year Author Original title English title Journal

1939 Wiktor Podstawy gospodarki The basics of the tourism Tourism of PolandOrmicki turystycznej we Woszech economy in Italy

Zbigniew Zagospodarowanie Tourism facilities of the Tourism of Poland Tokarski turystyczne Karpat Carpathians

Karlis Fremdenverkehrs in Lettland Tourism in Latvia Tourism of Poland Vanags

Tourism and its graduates also signicantly contributed to the development of regional and spatial planning. All of the schools studies were characterized by very detailed statistical documentation. Monographic regional studies, e.g., on the issues of tourism and health resorts in Podhale (being examples of mountain areas) and in Silesia (in relation to industrial areas) had great methodological value. The schools achievements in tourist cartography, especially the works related to the Tourist Atlas of Poland, are also noteworthy. The school intensively cooperated with similar government and local government institutions, research centers, and tourist organizations in Europe. The Jagiellonian University School of Tourisms activities helped raise awareness in society of the importance of the place of tourism in the socio-economic development of regions and cities.

Owing to the activities of the school, Krakow led the Polish tourism geography for many years. Educated in the inter-war period, the Krakow School signicantly developed in the post-war years. In the 1970s and 1980s, the schools studies were continued by the Institute of Geography at the Jagiellonian University, now the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management. The actions of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism were also taken over by other geographical centers in Poland associated with the universities in d, Wroclaw, and Warsaw, and the Institute of Geography at the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Today, tourism education is highly developed, and it is found in most institutions of higher education in the world (Airey, 1979, 1994, 2011; Cooper and Westlake, 1989; Xiao, 1999; Maclaurin, 2005; Pearce, 2005; Reichel, 2005; Weiermair and Bieger, 2005). The achievements in tourism education and research of such units as the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism make this discipline still play an important role among all other sciences dealing with tourism.

Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conict of interest.

Acknowledgements. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and editor Giovanni P. Gregori for the helpful comments and corrections that have substantially improved the earlier version of this paper.

The publication was co-nanced by the PhD Candidates Society of the Jagiellonian University.

Edited by: G. P. GregoriReviewed by: two anonymous referees

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