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Ayaa S.M. Hashim. 1 Research and Development Sector, Egyptian Company for Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs-EgyVac ( VACSERA Holding Company) , Giza, Egypt.
Khaled M.A. Aboshanab. 2 Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Egypt.
Aly F.M. El-Sayed. 1 Research and Development Sector, Egyptian Company for Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs-EgyVac ( VACSERA Holding Company) , Giza, Egypt.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Aly F.M. El-Sayed, Research and Development Sector, Egyptian Company for Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs-EgyVac (VACSERA Holding Company) 51 Wezart El-Zeraa Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected]
Highlights:
* Global Rotavirus (RV)-related deaths represent about 80% in low-income countries.
* Life-virus related events impede the global adoption of attenuated RV vaccines.
* Pentavalent, inactivated RV vaccine (IRVV) design using Egyptian circulating strains.
* Alum adjuvant was included as rational attempt for enhancing the immunogenicity.
* IRVV is alternative approach, creating a RV-infection reasonable immunization level.
Introduction
Rotavirus (RV) is a 75 nm icosahedral, nonenveloped, and double-stranded RNA virus, which consists of six structural proteins (VP1-VP4, VP6, and VP7) and five nonstructural proteins (NSP1-NSP5) (8). Recently, a sixth NSP was recognized in some strains (33). The VP4 and VP7 proteins are the key neutralization determinants on the surface of the virion and play a principal role in RV strain serotyping/genotyping process. However, VP6 protein is the most abundant and immunogenic protein in the virion and can be used in identifying RV group/subgroup (8). At least, 27 VP7-specific types and 37 VP4-specific types have differently been identified by Rotavirus Classification Working Group (19).
Globally and in Egypt, RV is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children (6,25,26,47). The most common RV strains are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G4P[8] globally, which are responsible for about 88.5% of all RV diarrheal illnesses among children, besides the upcoming G9 strain (37). The Egyptian circulating RV strains are comparable to the globally known strains (1,6,10,25,32,44).
The natural RV infection (RVI) is partially protective against reinfections (9,42). Thus, vaccination can effectively prevent RVI and subsequent RV-related mortalities and morbidities. Currently, there are several attenuated RV vaccines available in the market; however, adoption of such vaccines in developing countries faces some challenges as limited immunogenicity in African developing countries...