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http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10163-015-0429-0&domain=pdf
Web End = J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2017) 19:351365 DOI 10.1007/s10163-015-0429-0
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10163-015-0429-0&domain=pdf
Web End = ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Healthcare waste management in Botswana: storage, collection, treatment and disposal system
Daniel Mmereki1,2 Andrew Baldwin1,2 Baizhan Li1,2 Meng Liu1,2
Received: 20 February 2015 / Accepted: 21 August 2015 / Published online: 1 September 2015 Springer Japan 2015
Abstract Healthcare waste management has become a major issue of concern for solid waste managers due the treatment of healthcare waste being generated and the potential environmental risks and public health risks to those who come in contact with it. Special attention must be paid when dealing with healthcare waste because of infectious and non-infectious waste as well as general waste it contains. If managed through inappropriate healthcare waste management systems, it can adversely affect the environment and public health. In Botswana, the Waste Management Act was introduced in 1998 not only for healthcare waste handling, but also to promote sustainable treatment and disposal; the document currently applies to the management of all the healthcare waste, including liquid and chemical waste. The paper presents an overview of the current healthcare waste management in Botswana. A mixed methods study incorporating an exploratory survey was used. A range of data gathering techniques including observations, informal dialogues, published and grey literature and semi-structured interviews of selected participants and operatives dealing with waste were used to identify key policies, composition, storage, treatment, disposal, challenges and best practices. Specically, sorting and storage, collection, treatment and disposal systems and the recent regulation of healthcare waste were discussed. Current storage facilities and collection services in the healthcare facilities (HCFs) were not
operating effectively and efciently. The composition was almost the same in the HCFs, with mean values in the following decreasing order: general waste (48.84) [medical waste (39.39 %) [sharps (13.13 %). Therefore, more attention should be paid on segregation of infectious and non-infectious from general waste, pollution prevention and recovery of valuable materials from HCFs. Several suggestions were made to deal with healthcare waste management problems efciently and to prevent the potential impacts. These included development of a legislation to allow for a more dened roles and responsibilities for healthcare personnel responsible for the handling and disposal of the waste streams at the point...