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http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10725-016-0162-2&domain=pdf
Web End = Plant Growth Regul (2016) 80:93102 DOI 10.1007/s10725-016-0162-2
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10725-016-0162-2&domain=pdf
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The inuence of endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 on growth and artemisinin biosynthesis of in vitro propagated plantlets of Artemisia annua L.
Li Ping Zheng1 Hao Tian2,3 Ya Fei Yuan2 Jian Wen Wang2
Received: 28 October 2015 / Accepted: 2 March 2016 / Published online: 8 March 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract Artemisia annua L. is presently the sole natural source of antimalarial drug artemisinin. We established dual cultures of A. annua callus or regenerated plantlets with endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 to explore endophyte-mediated effects on artemisinin biosynthesis. Although A. annua callus could not produce artemisinin with or without the endophyte, simultaneous growth stimulation of the endophyte and inhibition of A. annua callus were observed in dual cultures. In an in vitro dual culture of endophyte-regenerated plantlets, the endophyte enhanced growth and artemisinin content of host plant. The endophyte could simultaneously induce oxidative stress in regenerated plantlets through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including O2- and H2O2, which was then accompanied by the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase during the later stages. There was a signicant increase in amorphadiene synthase (ADS) and amorpha-4,11-diene monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) transcripts in dual culture of endophyte-plantlets. The induced ROS could modulate the expression of those key genes for artemisinin biosynthesis
and might be responsible for conversion of artemisinin acid into artemisinin production. Our results demonstrated that endophytic P. oxalicum B4 could be applied as a promising means to enhance artemisinin production in plants.
Keywords Artemisia annua L. Endophytes
Penicillium oxalicum B4 Dual cultures Growth
Artemisinin
Introduction
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is the important plant source of the potent antimalarial drug artemisinin. As to the industrial scale, artemisinin is isolated from leaves and ower buds of A. annua although the total synthesis of artemisin and semi-synthetic artemisinin through a fermentation process have been established in labs without the desired commercial feasibility till date (Corsello and Garg 2015). The artemisinin content in the plant materials, ranging from zero to 0.86 % (w/w, dry weight, DW), was disclosed to be dependent on the variety, cultivation and geographic condition (Singh et al. 1988; Woerdenbag et al. 1994).
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