Abalasei Beatrice1*
Popescu Lucian 2
1,2 "Alexandru loan Cuza" University of Iasi, 3.Toma Cozma, 700584, Romania
* E-mail: [email protected], tel. 0040745350332
Keywords: psychomotricity, body scheme, growth and development
Abstract
Body scheme plays a crucial role in child development. This influences both the growth and the development of the individual. If the scheme is properly integrated body, the individual will develop harmoniously, but if there are disturbances of body schema, it can interfere with the growth and development of the child. Body scheme is an element underpinning the construction of individual personality, is vital to this process and enhancing self-esteem. Investigative approach comes to prove the correlation between body scheme in line with the maturing child. The previous statement is the premise of research and will be verified by two tests. Call and send test results relevant to the objective of the research: a well-defined scheme favors body location in space, the execution of daily actions and relationships with people around you.
1. Introduction
Body scheme is, F. Lauzon (1990, as cited in Albu, 1999, p. 64) own body image, its place in space and its possibilities for action in relation to people and objects in the environment. For Thomas R. (1996), body scheme is "feeling physicality" conscience positions and attitudes based on experience and made many thanks intero and exteroceptive information. (as cited in Ochiana, 2006, p. 60). Some authors equate body schema and body image. In neurology, body image is meant by integration in the brain of an acquisition. The integration process involves the identification, location and orientation in space of different body segments. In this case it is preferable to use the concept of body schema. Body image concerns how the perception of one's body, is a concept used by psychologists. Author H. Wallon (1973, p. 47) states that the body scheme is a basic element indispensable for building the child's personality is represented more or less differentiated child has of his own body.
The classic definition given by A. Porot (as cited in Albu, 1999, p. 38) is "the image that each has on his body, partial or total image perceived in static or dynamic state of the body or the ratio between them and, especially, its relations with space and the surrounding environment" (Albu & Albu, 1999, p. 23).
Scheme body builds, develops, formed bit by bit due to acquisitions sensitive, sensory, visual and kinesthetic. A well designed scheme favours body location in space, the execution of daily actions and relationships with people around. A. Lapierre (1972, p. 81) believes that by making body scheme appears consistent proprioceptive perception, which gives the internal image of self, and the exteroceptive (visual perception, tactile and auditory), which gives an external self. That formal compliance occurs during the driving experiences of early childhood; the child acquires catching and then realized walking. Repeating these experiences lead to establishing and determining an accurate image of the body, separate image or integrated into the surrounding space. Relations "interperceptive" will appear in these experiences driving and enhanced traction detachment from abstract thinking to form. Training the body scheme depends on: the acquisition time orientation, laterality and language reflected image. In this regard, the scheme is not only physical data acquisition or perceptual representations; it stores information to define the unit body. Determinants of body scheme are: sensory information (tactile sensations, thermal, painful), the integration of neurophysiological, integrating cognitive (contribution intelligence and motor processes mnemonic), understanding their side, the role of social models ontogenetic evolution (social factors) and emotional experiences in relation to corporeality (affective factors).
Through the process of growth means quantitative level of individual somatic indicators, level influenced by genetic and environmental factors action. The increase must be seen in all its complexity as it is a basic characteristic of living organisms.
By means developing the quality of individual somatic indices, level dependent action of hereditary factors and the environment in which education plays an important role. The development should be seen as an increase in complexity of the structure and functions as a morphological and functional maturation orientation. The development process is based on certain phenomena that occur at various organizational levels such as at the cellular, sub-cellular, tissue, whole body and to the human community.
Physical development of the individual is closely related to baggage motor of the individual, consists of abilities, skills and qualities driving and harmony between clues morphological (somatic) and the functional proportionality between them, these leading to higher development indexes morphological and functional of the body. In this context, intellectual development is responsible for the acquisition of information (forms of energy) that invades the senses, information collected from the environment or from prior knowledge (information acquired from their parents and sent to children through genes).
"The child is at first only capable of movement in the block, withdrawal or appropriation of twists and contortions global or accidental whole body. From this amorphous matrix gradually emerge finer activities" (Gordon, 1997, p. 107).
The development is a complex process of transition from unknown to known, from simple to complex, from the abstract to familiar, from an inferior to a superior, which takes place in different stages. The transition from one stage to another is characterized by qualitative leaps and quantitative accumulation, these phenomena being in a relationship of interdependence. The development has an ascending character, like a spiral, with apparent setbacks and comebacks. Being a progressive process, development is always the result of the contradictions that arise between the capabilities it holds an individual at a time, and the requirements of increasingly complex social and material factors highlighted by influencing its development.
2. Material and methods
Objective This paper aims to show tangible contribution scheme in the processes of growth and development.
Hypothesis We believe that a properly integrated body scheme, visible in designing child drawing, reflects normal growth and development.
Method Test Goodenough provides clues about the child's intellectual level and depending on the level of psychomotor maturity. Drawing the little man appear indices that can be significant for cognitive development, specifically assessed by the degree of perfection and completeness of the design, the overall balance, richness of detail (Abraham, 2004).
This research was conducted over a period of nine months and our subject was a little girl: 6 years old. We were applied two series of tests, initial and final, based on which we can see the relationship between development and the child's body scheme (initial test: 15/02/2016, final test: 10/06/2016).
3. Results and Discussions
Old Studies using Goodenough test to identify the intelligence of children or to determine the level of disability (Kellmer Pringle, Pikup 1963 Phillips, Smith, Broadhurst, 1975), which led us to a simple study to correlate the body schema with the development of psychomotricity, according to standards set by national experts (as cited Abalaçei 2014, p. 51).
In this context, comparing benchmarks set by specialists with Goodenough test results we have noted a correlation between child elements designed in the drawing and indicators of motor behavior, socio-emotional, cognitive and verbal child's 6 years and 9 months old.
4. Conclusions
The scheme is part of the body and is raising psychomotricity own body by which an individual differs from another.
Our intervention results show a balance between development and the child's body schema, according to drawings. This requires knowledge of body segments, certain postures and possible body movements in relation to people and objects in the environment. The level of body scheme development depends on the other components of psychomotricity: laterality, spatial-temporal structure, coordination etc. Through this work we emphasized the beneficial role of body scheme in the development of children. There isn't a new study, but it can be a starting point for identifying psychomotor disorders.
This research was based on application tests with which one can observe and monitor developments body scheme, and more. In this sense, after we applying these tests, can find the presence of disorder of body schema. These tests play an important role in prevention of disorders of body schema, if you have noticed some difficulties in performing the tasks required of the subject.
In conclusion, body scheme plays a crucial role in child development. This influences both the growth and the development of the individual. If the scheme is properly integrated body, the individual will develop harmoniously, but if there are disturbances of body schema, it can interfere with the growth and development of the child. Body scheme is an element underpinning the construction of individual personality, is vital to this process and enhancing self-esteem.
SCHEMA CORPORALA - COMPONENTA FUNDAMENTALA A CRESTERII SI DEZVOLTARII
Abalasei Beatrice1
Popescu Lucian 2
1,2 Universitatea "Alexandru loan Cuza" din Iasi, Toma Cozma, Nr. 3. 700584, Romania
Cuvinte cheie: psihomotricitate, schema corporala, crestere si dezvoltare
Rezumat
Schema corporala are un rol primordial în evolutia copilului. Aceasta influenteaza atât procesul de crestere, cât si cel de dezvoltare al individului. Daca schema corporala este corect integrata, individul se va dezvolta armonios, dar daca exista tulburari ale schemei corporale, acestea pot influenta negativ cresterea si dezvoltarea copilului. Schema corporala este un element ce sta la baza construirii personalitatii individului, fiind vital acestui proces si contribuind la cresterea stimei de sine. Demersul investigativ vine sa demonstreze corelatia dintre conturarea schemei corporale în acord cu maturizarea copilului. Afirmatia anterioara este pemisa cercetarii si va fiverificata prin intermediul a doua teste. Rezultatele testelor sun relevante si trmit la atinfgerea obiectivului cercetarii: o schema corporala bine conturata favorizeaza localizarea în spatiu, executarea unor actiuni zilnice si relationarea cu persoanele din jur.
1. Introducere
Schema corporala este, dupa F. Lauzon (1990 as cited in Albu, 1999, p. 64), imaginea corpului propriu, a locului sau în spatiu si a posibilitatilor sale de actiune în relatie cu persoanele si obiectele din mediu.
Pentru R. Thomas, (1996) schema corporala este senzatia de corporalitate, constiinta posturilor si atitudinilor fondata pe experienta si formata gratie multiplelor informatii intero si exteroceptive."( as cited in Ochiana, 2006, p. 60). Unii autori pun semnul egal între schema corporala si imaginea corporala. In neurologie, prin imagine corporala se întelege procesul de integrare la nivel cerebral a unei achizitii. Procesul de integrare implica identificarea, localizarea si orientarea în spatiu a diverselor segmente corporale. In acest caz este preferabila utilizarea notiunii de schema corporala. Imaginea corporala se refera la modul de perceptie a propriului corp, fiind un concept utilizat de psihologi.
Autorul H. Wallon (1973, p. 47) afirma faptul ca schema corporala este un element de baza indispensabil pentru construirea personalitatii copilului, este reprezentarea mai mult sau mai putin diferentiata pe care copilul o are despre propriul corp. Definitia clasica data de A. Porot (as cited in Albu & Albu, 1999, p. 38) spune ca schema corporala reprezinta "imaginea pe care o are flecare despre corpul sau, imagine totala sau partiala, perceputa în stare statica sau dinamica sau în raportul partilor corpului între ele si, mai ales, a raporturilor acestuia cu spatiul si mediul mcojurator".
O schema corporala bine elaborata favorizeaza localizarea în spatiu, executarea unor actiuni zilnice si relationarea cu persoanele din jur. A. Lapierre (1972, p. 81) considera ca schema corporala apare prin punerea în concordanta a perceptiei proprioceptive, care da imaginea interna a eului, si a celei exteroceptive (perceptii vizuale, tactile si auditive), care ofera o imagine externa a eului. Aceasta punere în concordanta apare în timpul experientelor motrice ale primei copilarii, când copilul dobândeste prehesiunea si apoi, realizeaza mersul. Repetarea acestor experiente duc la stabilirea si fixarea unei imagini corecte a corpului, imagine separata sau integrata în spatiul mconjurator. Relatiile "interperceptive" vor aparea în cadrul acestor experiente motrice si vor favoriza detasarea de motricitate pentru a forma gândirea abstracta.
Formarea schemei corporale depinde de: achizitia orientarii temporale, lateralitate, limbaj, imaginea reflectata. În acest sens, schema corporala reprezinta nu doar achizitia de date perceptive sau reprezentari, ea memoreaza informatii pentru a defini unitatea corporala. Factorii determinant ai schemei corporale sunt: informatiile senzoriale (senzatii tactile, termice, dureroase), integrarea neurofiziologica, integrarea cognitiva (contributia inteligentei motrice si a proceselor mnemotehnice), întelegerea propriei lateralitati, rolul modelelor sociale în evolutia ontogenetica (factori sociali) si trairile emotionale în relatie cu corporalitatea (factori afectivi). Astfel, schema corporala este expresia cresterii si maturizarii individului, este indicatorul care trimite la maturizarea fiintei umane, la integrare ei în mediu si colaborarea cu el.
Prin procesul de crestere se întelege nivelul cantitativ al indicatorilor somatici individuali, nivel influentat de actiunea factorilor genetici si de mediu. Cresterea trebuie privita în toata complexitatea sa deoarece este o caracteristica de baza a organismelor vii.
Prin dezvoltare se întelege nivelul calitativ al indicilor somatici individuali, nivel dependent de actiunea factorilor ereditari si de mediu, în care educatia are un rol important. Dezvoltarea trebuie privita ca o accentuare a complexitatii structurii si functiilor, ca o orientare catre maturizare morfologica si functionala. Procesul de dezvoltare se bazeaza pe anumite fenomene ce au loc la diverse nivele de organizare cum ar fi la nivelul celular, subcelular, tisular, la nivelul întregului organism, cât si la nivelul colectivitatii umane." (Albu & Albu, 1999).
"Dezvoltarea fizica a individului este strâns legata de bagajul motric al individului, format din priceperi, deprinderi si calitati motrice, precum si armonie între indicii morfologici (somatici) si cei functionali, proportionalitate între ei, acestia conducând la indici superior! de dezvoltare morfologica si functionala a organismului. În acest context, dezvoltarea intelectuala este responsabila de achizitia de informatii (forme de energii) care invadeaza simturile, informatii culese din mediul ambiant sau din cunostintele anterioare (informatii dobândite de parinti si transmise copiilor prin intermediul genelor). "Copilul este la început capabil numai de miscari în bloc, de retragere sau apropriere globala sau de rasuciri si contorsionari întâmplâtoare ale întregului corp. Din aceasta matrice amorfa se desprind treptat activitati mai fine."(Gordon, 1991, p. 107).
Dezvoltarea reprezinta un proces complex de trecere de la necunoscut la cunoscut, de la simplu la complex, de la abstract la familiar, de la o treapta inferioara la alta superioara, ce se desfasoara în diferite etape. Trecerea de la o etapa la alta se remarca prin salturi calitative si acumulari cantitative, aceste fenomene aflându-se într-o relatie de interdependenta. Dezvoltarea are un caracter ascendent, asemanator unei spirale, cu stagnari si reveniri aparente. Fiind un proces progresiv, dezvoltarea este rezultatul actiunii contradictiilor ce apar mereu între capacitatile pe care le detine un individ, la un moment dat, si cerintele din ce în ce mai complexe evidentiate de factorii materiali si sociali ce influenteaza evolutia sa.
Dezvoltarea psihica este rezultatul interactiunii factorilor externi si interni. Factorii externi sunt alcatuiti din totalitatea actiunilor si influentelor ce intervin din exterior asupra formarii si dezvoltarii personalitatii umane, si anume mediul si educatia, iar cei interni se refera la totalitatea conditiilor care influenteaza dezvoltarea psihica, conditii care pot fi de natura biologica, ereditara.
2. Material si metode
Scopul lucrarii Aceasta lucrarea îsi propune sa arate contributia schemei corporale în procesul de crestere si dezvoltare.
Ipoteza lucrarii Consideram ca o schema corporala corect integrata, vizibila în proiectarea copilului, reflecta o crestere si dezvoltare normale.
Metoda Testul omuletului (Goodenough) ofera indicii despre nivelul intelectual al copilului si în functie de nivelul sau de maturitate psihomotrica, de proiectarea sa în desenul unui omulet, acesti indici pot fi semnificativi pentru dezvoltarea cognitiva, evaluata concret prin gradul de perfectiune si completitudine a desenului, echilibrul general, bogatia detaliilor (Abraham, 2004).
Cerceterea de fafa s-a desfasurat pe o perioada de noua luni de zile, între octombrie 2015 - iunie 2016 si a avut ca subiect un copil de gen feminin, cu vârsta de 6 ani, din Iasi.
S-au aplicat 2 serii de teste, initial si final, pe baza carora vom putea observa relatia dintre evolutia schemei corporale si cea a copilului. Testare initiala: 15.02.2016. Testare finala: 10.06.2016
3. Rezultate si discutii
În cadrul acestui studiu am aplicat Testul omuletului, cu mregistrari ale rezultatelor initiale dar si a celor finale, pentru a le compara si a observa rolul benefic al schemei corporale în dezvoltarea armonioasa a copiilor.
In urma testarii finale am obtinut urmatoarele rezultate grupate în tabel:
Studii vechi utilizeaza testul omuletului pentru a identifica nivelul inteligentei copiilor sau pentru a determina nivelul de disabilitate (Kellmer Pringle & Pikup, 1963; Phillips, Smith, & Broadhurst, 1975), ceea ce ne-a condus catre un studiu simplu care sa coreleze schema corporala cu nivelul dezvoltarii psihomotrice, conform standardelor impuse de specialistii autohtoni (as cited in Abalasei, 2014, p. 51). În acest context, s-au comparat reperele fixate de specialisti cu rezultatele la testul Goodenough si s-a remarcat o concordanta între elementele proiectate de copil în desen si indicatorii privind comportamentul motor, socio-afectiv, cognitiv si verbal al copilului de 6 ani si 9 luni.
4. Concluzii
Schema corporala este o componenta a psihomotricitatii si reprezinta constientizarea propriului corp prin care un individ se deosebeste de altcineva. Este reprezentarea pe care o are fiecare individ despre propriul corp în stare statica si dinamica. Aceasta presupune cunoasterea segmentelor corporale, a anumitor pozitii ale corpului si a posibilelor miscari ale corpului în relatie cu persoanele si obiectele din mediul mconjurator. De nivelul de dezvoltare al schemei corporale depind si celelalte componente ale psihomotricitatii (structurarea spatio-temporala, coordonarea oculo-motorie).
Prin aceasta lucrare am evidentiat rolul benefic al schemei corporale în dezvoltarea armonioasa a copiilor.
Aceasta cercetare s-a bazat pe aplicarea testelor cu ajutorul carora se poate observa si monitoriza evolutia schemei corporale si nu numai.
În urma aplicarii acestor teste se poate constata prezenta unor tulburari de schema corporala. Aceste teste joaca un rol important si în prevenirea tulburarilor de schema corporala, daca s-au observat unele dificultati ale subiectului în îndeplinirea sarcinilor cerute.
În concluzie, schema corporala are un rol primordial în evolutia copilului. Aceasta influenteaza atât procesul de crestere, cât si cel de dezvoltare al individului. Daca schema corporala este corect integrata, individul se va dezvolta armonios, dar daca exista tulburari ale schemei corporale, acestea pot influenta negativ cresterea si dezvoltarea copilului. Schema corporala este un element ce sta la baza construirii personalitatii individului, fiind vital acestui proces si contribuind la cresterea stimei de sine.
References
1. ABALASEI, B. (2014). Aplicatii ale psihomotricitatii în fitness, curs, Iasi: Edit. Universitatea Alexandru loan Cuza, 51.
2. ABRAHAM, A. (2004). Desenul persoanei. Testul Machover, Bucuresti : Profex;
3. ALBU, A., ALBU, C. (1999). Psihomotricitatea la vârsta de crestere si dezvoltare, Iasi: Spiru Haret, 8;
4. DE MEUR, STAES, L. (1988). Education et reeducation psychomotrices, Bruselles: De Boek;
5. GORDON, W. A. (1991). Structura si dezvoltareapersonalitatii, Bucuresti: Didactica si Pedagogica, 107;
6. KELLMER PRINGLE M. L., PIKUP, K. T. (1963). The reliability and validity of the goodenough draw-a-man test, DOI: 10.1111/j .2044-8279.1963.tb00592.x;
7. LAPIERRE, A. (1972). Le education physique, vol. 1, Paris: J.B. Bailliere, 81;
8. OCHIANA, G. (2006). Ludoterapia în recuperarea disabilitatilor psihoneuro-motorii ale copiilor, Iasi: Edit. Performantica, 60;
9. PÁSZTAI, Z. (2004). Kinetoterapie în neuropediatrie, Oradea: ARIONDA, 157;
10. PHILLIPS, C. J, SMITH, BERYL, BROADHURST, ANNE. (1975). The draw-a-man test: a study of scoring methods, validity and norms with English children at five and eleven years, DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1973.tb01180.x;
11. WALLON, H. (1973). Evolutiapsihologica a copilului, editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 47.
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Copyright "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau 2016
Abstract
Body scheme plays a crucial role in child development. This influences both the growth and the development of the individual. If the scheme is properly integrated body, the individual will develop harmoniously, but if there are disturbances of body schema, it can interfere with the growth and development of the child. Body scheme is an element underpinning the construction of individual personality, is vital to this process and enhancing self-esteem. Investigative approach comes to prove the correlation between body scheme in line with the maturing child. The previous statement is the premise of research and will be verified by two tests. Call and send test results relevant to the objective of the research: a well-defined scheme favors body location in space, the execution of daily actions and relationships with people around you.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer





