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Abstract
Of late English has become one of the most preferred language worlds over. However, not everyone on this globe is a conversant with this medium of communication. Machine Translation has become indispensable in such a scenario where physical and logical boundaries are vanishing and one need to be able to communicate at will and in a medium which he is conversant with. At present Machine Translation is the most fascinating but equally a challenging problem. Researchers are trying to translate English language to their native language, but achieving a flawless Machine Translation has become a real challenge for researchers all over the world. This paper discusses various open challenges in machine translation with a focus on the problems encountered in English to Urdu Machine Translation. We also discuss the parallel corpora, which we feel is a key concept in Machine Translation and may provide a better solution to these open challenges in Machine Translation.
Keywords: Machine Translation Challenges, Parallel Corpora.
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1. Introduction
Machine translation (MT) is automated translation of text by a Computer without any human participation. It is the process, by which computer programs are used to translate a text or sentence from one natural language (such as Urdu) to another natural language (such as English).
Apparently the first suggestions concerning Machine Translations (MT) were made by the Russian SmirnovTroyansky and the French man G.B Artsouni in the 1930's. However the first serious discussions were begun in 1946 by the mathematician Warren Weaver. He and many others were inspired by the success of the allied efforts using the British Colossus computer to break the German military code produced by the Enigma machine, and the obvious similarity between the task of decoding and encoded message and the task of translation of one language into another. By 1954, there was a Machine Translation project at Georgetown University, which succeeded in correctly translating several sentences from Russian into English. Soon there were Machine Translation projects at MIT, Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania. [Thomas D. Hedden].
In 1964, after more than $20,000,000 had been invested by the Federal Government in MT, the National Academy of Sciences commissioned the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) to write a study of...