Taming interfacial electronic properties of platinum nanoparticles on vacancy-abundant boron nitride nanosheets for enhanced catalysis

Abstract

Taming interfacial electronic effects on Pt nanoparticles modulated by their concomitants has emerged as an intriguing approach to optimize Pt catalytic performance. Here, we report Pt nanoparticles assembled on vacancy-abundant hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets and their use as a model catalyst to embrace an interfacial electronic effect on Pt induced by the nanosheets with N-vacancies and B-vacancies for superior CO oxidation catalysis. Experimental results indicate that strong interaction exists between Pt and the vacancies. Bader charge analysis shows that with Pt on B-vacancies, the nanosheets serve as a Lewis acid to accept electrons from Pt, and on the contrary, when Pt sits on N-vacancies, the nanosheets act as a Lewis base for donating electrons to Pt. The overall-electronic effect demonstrates an electron-rich feature of Pt after assembling on hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. Such an interfacial electronic effect makes Pt favour the adsorption of O₂ , alleviating CO poisoning and promoting the catalysis.

ARTICLE

Received 17 Oct 2016 | Accepted 14 Mar 2017 | Published 9 Jun 2017

Wenshuai Zhu1,2, Zili Wu2, Guo Shiou Foo2, Xiang Gao3, Mingxia Zhou4, Bin Liu4, Gabriel M. Veith3, Peiwen Wu1,2, Katie L. Browning3, Ho Nyung Lee3, Huaming Li5, Sheng Dai2 & Huiyuan Zhu2

Taming interfacial electronic effects on Pt nanoparticles modulated by their concomitants has emerged as an intriguing approach to optimize Pt catalytic performance. Here, we report Pt nanoparticles assembled on vacancy-abundant hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets and their use as a model catalyst to embrace an interfacial electronic effect on Pt induced by the nanosheets with N-vacancies and B-vacancies for superior CO oxidation catalysis. Experimental results indicate that strong interaction exists between Pt and the vacancies. Bader charge analysis shows that with Pt on B-vacancies, the nanosheets serve as a Lewis acid to accept electrons from Pt, and on the contrary, when Pt sits on N-vacancies, the nanosheets act as a Lewis base for donating electrons to Pt. The overall-electronic effect demonstrates an electron-rich feature of Pt after assembling on hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. Such an interfacial electronic effect makes Pt favour the adsorption of O2,

alleviating CO poisoning and promoting the catalysis.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15291 OPEN

Taming interfacial electronic properties of platinum nanoparticles on vacancy-abundant boron nitride nanosheets for enhanced catalysis

1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. 2 Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. 3 Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. 5 Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.D. (email: mailto:[email protected]

Web End [email protected] ) or to H.Z. (email: mailto:[email protected]

Web End [email protected] ).

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Tuning interfacial electronic properties has emerged as a vital topic in heterogeneous catalysis because of its paramount importance to both practical usage and

fundamental understanding of nanoparticle (NP) catalysts1,2. Several strategies have been applied to tune the electronic properties of metal nanocatalysts: (1) constructing a multimetallic, that is, binary35, ternary6,7, core/shell811 or dumbbell structure12, where the electronic structure of a catalytically active metal can be modied by other components; (2) using organic ligand modiers with a desirable electron-donating/withdrawing property on a metal catalyst1,1316; (3) creating metal-support interactions1721, including the strong metal support interaction as well as employing redox-active supports and thereby introducing electronic/geometric modications on metal catalysts22,23. Although the rst two strategies have been well-documented in the literature, renewed interest on the metal-support interface has only been witnessed in recent years.

Supported Pt NP catalysts have continuously drawn broad and increasing attention because of their unique catalytic activity for a large number of important chemical reactions, for example, CO oxidation24,25, small molecule hydrogenation1, oxygen reduction26,27 and hydrogen evolution28. However, a challenge remains regarding how to arbitrarily tune the electronic structure of Pt for enhanced catalysis. Taking CO oxidation as an exampleon a Pt surface, owing to the strong binding of CO, the O2 activation is usually blocked; therefore a redox-active support (TiO2 (ref. 29), CeO2 (refs 30,31), FeOx (ref. 32)) that can transfer its lattice oxygen to the Pt catalysts surface is a prerequisite for efcient CO oxidation. In the case of a non-redox active support (SiO2, Al2O3 and C), the Pt activity for

CO oxidation is usually very low with a full conversion temperature (T100) above 150 C (ref. 32) (Supplementary

Table 1). Here our Pt NPs on a non-redox active hexagonal boron nitride (h-BNNs) support with low loading (Pt content 1.18 wt.% by inductively coupled plasma optical

emission spectroscopy determination) can catalyse CO oxidation with a T100 below 70 C. Meanwhile, there is to our knowledge no report of Pt NPs assembled on vacancy-abundant hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS) to embrace an interfacial electronic effect on Pt induced by 2-dimensional (2D) h-BNNS with N-vacancies (NV) and B-vacancies (BV) for superior CO oxidation catalysis. Recently, we have reported a gas exfoliation method to prepare ultrathin h-BNNS with high surface area and abundant edges and B/N vacancies33, which could serve as an ideal non-redox active support for Pt NPs. These exfoliated h-BNNS are characterised by fewer layers, smaller lateral size and more B/N defects including a high exposure of BV and NV edges than bulk h-

BN (Fig. 1). Moreover, compared with covalent CC bonding in graphene, the BN bonding in h-BNNS displays partially ionic character, making h-BNNS a prominent electronic-tuning support to interact with Pt23.

In this work, we demonstrate an interfacial electronic effect on Pt NP catalysts modulated by the vacancy-abundant h-BNNS for superior CO oxidation performance. The Pt NPs supported on h-BNNS (denoted as Pt/h-BNNS) demonstrate a high CO oxidation activity. The durability test shows that the Pt/h-BNNS catalyst maintains 100% CO conversion efciency after 50 h at 75 C. The interfacial electronic effect is found to stem primarily from the interaction between Pt and BV as well as Pt and NV.

Both electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that there exists a strong interaction between the Pt and B/N vacancies. EELS results indicate that the interaction between Pt and the NV is

predominant. According to Bader charge analysis, we nd that with Pt on BV, the h-BNNS serves as a Lewis acid to accept electrons from Pt, whereas when Pt interacts with NV, the

h-BNNS acts as a Lewis base for donating electrons to Pt. The overall-electronic effect evaluated by in situ diffuse reectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) demonstrates that Pt is electronic rich with Pt/Nv as the primary interaction. Consequently, such an interfacial electronic effect makes Pt NPs favour the adsorption of O2, alleviating CO poisoning and promoting the catalysis. Our discovery gives understanding of the interfacial electronic effects between Pt and a non-redox active support and may provide an important strategy to tailor the Pt electronic structure for enhanced catalysis.

ResultsSynthesis and characterization of Pt/h-BNNS. The h-BNNS and Pt NPs were synthesized according to previous reports33,34. The preparation of Pt/h-BNNS catalyst follows a sonication-assisted colloidal deposition and the process is presented in the Experimental section. Figure 2a and Supplementary Fig. 1 show the representative bright-eld transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of exfoliated few-layer h-BNNS with high exposure edge and 50.5 nm cubic Pt NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that the Pt NPs have the face-centred cubic structure (Supplementary Fig. 2), and the size estimated from Scherrer equation is consistent with the results from TEM and STEM observations. The (111) peak is much stronger than the (200) peak, demonstrating a three-dimensional randomly oriented assembly.

Bright-eld TEM (Fig. 2a) and STEM (Fig. 2b) images of the Pt/h-BNNS demonstrate that the cubic Pt NPs embedded at h-BNNS sitting mostly on the edge vacancies of the support. As seen by TEM and STEM, h-BNNS present an ultra-thin-layered structure with abundant edges formed during exfoliation. This ultrathin feature is also proved by atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Supplementary Fig. 3) and the height of h-BNNS is 23 nm. More importantly, abundant defects consisting of either NV or BV were observed by high-resolution STEM (Fig. 2c). To investigate the interaction between Pt NPs and h-BNNS, we performed EELS to map the individual B and N in the Pt/h-BNNS sample, observing a chemical shift of B-K edge in its pre-peak depending only on the distance to the Pt particles (Supplementary Fig. 4 and Supplementary Movie 1). The B-K edge proles acquired from the h-BNNS matrix region (2) and from the centre of the Pt/h-BNNS overlapping region (1) are shown in Fig. 3a. Compared with the B-K edge obtained from the(2) site, we nd that the pre-peak (p*) of B-K downshifts at the(1) site, indicating that there are B-terminated NV defects interacting with the Pt NPs (Fig. 3b)35. Supplementary Movie 1 further proves that this downshift of the pre-peak of B-K is ubiquitous depending only on the distance to Pt NPs. This is consistent with the formation of an additional peak at the threshold of N-K edge at (2) site36, as shown by the arrow in Fig. 3c. The additional peak appears relatively weak, although

a b

N atom

B atom

Figure 1 | Schematic illustration of h-BNNS with B and N vacancies. (a) h-BNNS with B vacancy and N-terminated edge. (b) h-BNNS with N vacancy and B-terminated edge.

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a b c

Figure 2 | Representative TEM and STEM images. (a) TEM of Pt/h-BNNS. Scale bar, 50 nm. (b) STEM of Pt/h-BNNS. Scale bar, 50 nm. (c) High-resolution STEM of h-BNNS with vacancies, as indicated by the boxes. Scale bar, 2 nm.

190

a b

191.4

195 200 205 210 215Energy loss (eV)

Energy loss (eV)

1

B-K

190.8

*

Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.)

2

1

2

N-K

1

2

c

390 400 410 420 430 440

Figure 3 | EELS analysis of Pt/h-BNNS. (a) Annular dark-eld (ADF) STEM image of Pt/h-BNNS indicating the mapping region: 1. The centre of Pt/h-BNNS overlapping region; 2. h-BNNS matrix. (b) B-K EELS prole and (c) N-K EELS prole mapped from regions 1 and 2.

after careful examination we did not observe it in the pure BN matrix region. These results indicate that Pt NPs may prefer to be embedded on B-terminated NV of h-BNNS instead of staying on N-terminated BV of h-BNNS.

Catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The catalytic oxidation of CO as a probe reaction was evaluated over as-prepared catalysts in a temperature-programmed mode. The catalysts were packed into a U-shaped quartz tube (inner diameter 4 mm),

sealed by quartz wool and treated at 200 C for 1 h to activate the surface. CO oxidation was then performed with a gas stream consisting of 1% CO (balance air, o4 p.p.m. water) at a space velocity (SV) of 1667 Lg 1Pt h 1. As shown in Fig. 4a, the

Pt/h-BNNS (1.18 wt.% Pt content, h-BNNS 278 m2 g 1) displays the highest CO oxidation activity and readily converts 100%

CO starting from 67 C. As a comparison, Pt NPs on various non-redox active supports with the similar Pt content(1.151.21 wt.%), including bulk h-BN (10 m2 g 1), silica fumed (SiO2, 280 m2 g 1) and acetylene black (C, 260 m2 g 1) are also investigated and their corresponding T100 is 104, 156 and 128 C

at a similar SV, respectively. Even with the redox-active support TiO2 (P25, 65 m2 g 1), the T100 was found to be 88 C at a similar

SV. This catalytic performance indicates that h-BNNS can serve as an excellent support for Pt NPs. This CO oxidation activity is also much higher than the reported redox-active support TiO2-supported Pt nanocrystals with a T100 of 100 C and non-redox active support Pt/SiO2 with a T100 of 150 C24,37,38. The Pt/h-BNNS exhibits negligible CO oxidation activity only at

temperatures below 35 C, which is much lower than that of the active support TiO2 (69 C) and the inert supports SiO2 (95 C)

and C (75 C) under the same reaction conditions. The apparent activation energies (Ea) are derived with a SV of 104 L g 1Pt h 1 on Pt/h-BNNS and Pt/SiO2. Pt/h-BNNS has an Ea value of 38.0 kJ mol 1, lower than that of the inert support

SiO2 (49.3 kJ mol 1) (Fig. 4b). For long-time stability study, a time-on-stream test was performed on the Pt/h-BNNS, and the results in Supplementary Fig. 5 indicated that the catalyst maintained 100% CO conversion efciency after 50 h at 75 C. 75, 50 and 25% CO conversions over the Pt/h-BNNS were also achieved at 49, 45 and 39 C after 15, 20 and 15 h test.

Interfacial electronic properties of Pt/h-BNNS. To prove the Pt/h-BNNS interface impact on the catalytic activity, we performed measurements of Pt NPs and h-BNNS alone under the same reaction conditions (Supplementary Fig. 6) and found h-BNNS has no catalytic activity for CO oxidation under 200 C. The Pt NPs exhibit negligible CO oxidation activity at temperatures below 150 C and converts 100% CO starting from 229 C, which is much higher than that of Pt/h-BNNS. These results indicate that the enhancement effect is from the interfacial coupling between Pt and h-BNNS. To further understand how the Pt/h-BNNS interface impacts on the catalytic activity, periodic DFT calculations, employing the Generalized Gradient Approximation-PBE functional, were performed to optimize the Pt4 particle structures, and analyse the charge transfers at the interface of Pt/h-BNNS using Bader charge analysis on pristine

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3.0

3.5

4.0

100

a b

Pt/h-BNNS

80

Pt/SiO2

CO conversion (%)

40

20

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.21,000/T (K1)

60

In(r)

Pt/h-BNNS

Pt/bulk h-BN Pt/TiO2 Pt/SiO2

4.5

5.0

Ea = 49.3 kJ mol1

Pt/C

Ea = 38.0 kJ mol1

Temperature (C)

Figure 4 | CO oxidation activity of Pt/h-BNNS. (a) CO oxidation light-off curves for the Pt/h-BNNS, Pt/bulk h-BN, Pt/TiO2, Pt/SiO2 and Pt/C, m(catalyst) 30 mg, CO ow rate 10 ml min 1. (b) The apparent activation energies (Ea) of Pt/h-BNNS and Pt/SiO2, m(catalyst) 5 mg, CO ow rate

10 ml min 1.

h-BNNS, and h-BNNS with Nv and Bv single-point defects. The optimized geometries and calculated valence electrons on Pt and nearby B and N atoms are shown in Fig. 5. Other geometries (for example, at Pt4) were also considered and are presented in

Supplementary Figs 7 and 8. The 4-atom Pt4 cluster prefers a 3D tetrahedral geometry on h-BNNS. On the pristine h-BNNS, the charge transfer between Pt and h-BNNS is negligible as shown in Fig. 5a. The cluster binding energy (BE) is 2.00 eV. In the

presence of Nv and Bv, the cluster preferentially binds at the defective sites, with respective BEs of 7.22 eV and 7.77 eV,

by forming corresponding PtB and PtN bonds. The increase of BEs clearly indicates that vacancy sites have the role of enhancing the adsorptions and stabilising Pt particles for CO oxidation. Bader charge analyses conrmed that there exists an interfacial charge transfer between the adsorbed cluster and h-BNNS. At the NV site (B termination) (Fig. 5b), charge transfers from h-BNNS to Pt, resulting in a net gain of 0.80 e on the Pt-1 atom; whereas at the BV site (N termination, Fig. 5c), charge transfers away from

Pt, resulting in a net loss of 0.72 e on the Pt-4 atom. A larger Pt10 cluster, with an optimized tetrahedral geometry was also considered, and Bader charge analyses showed that the Pt atoms at the defect sites would also gain and lose net charges at the Nv and Bv point defect sites, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 9).

On the Pt4 cluster supported on the defect-free h-BNNS, CO binds at the top site (Fig. 6a), with a BE(CO) of 2.65 eV. On the

cluster adsorbed at the Bv defective site (charge transferred away from Pt), CO binds in its most stable conguration at the Pt-3 atom, with a BE of 2.59 eV (Fig. 6b), weaker than that on the

pristine Pt/h-BNNS. In contrast, CO binds more strongly on the cluster supported on the h-BNNS with Nv, with a BE of

2.83 eV than on the pristine h-BNNS (Fig. 6c). Moreover, the BEs of O2 on the Pt4 cluster are stronger with both Bv ( 2.90 eV) (Fig. 6e) and Nv ( 3.08 eV) (Fig. 6f) than that on

the defect-free Pt/h-BNNS ( 2.26 eV) (Fig. 6d). The optimized

geometries and BEs of CO and O2 on Pt10 tetrahedral cluster are also considered on pristine h-BNNS, as well as h-BNNS with Nv and Bv point defects (Supplementary Fig. 10). The structural deformation on this Pt10 cluster is noticeably to a reduced extent.

CO adsorbs on the top of the Pt atom in the edge of the cluster supported on the pristine h-BNNS and that with the Nv point defect. With the Bv defect, CO binds on the bridge site closer to the cluster and h-BNNS interface. It is also noted that the BE(CO)

increases near the Nv defect, accompanied by net charge gain on the cluster, whereas the BE(CO) decreases near the Bv defect, accompanied by net charge loss on the cluster. O2 prefers to adsorb at the bridge site along the cluster edge. The BEs of O2 adsorptions are stronger regardless of the types of vacancy.

The trends for both CO and O2 adsorption are consistent with the ndings on smaller clusters. Hence, rst-principles

calculations support the fact that the electronic effects on Pt induced by vacancy-abundant h-BNNS could faciliate O2 adsorption and activation, thus enhance CO oxidation, which is in accordance with the ndings by DFT calculations in the previous reports39,40. This observation also explains why bulk h-BN (with smaller surface area 10 m2g 1, less edges and vacancies) performs inferior to h-BNNS (278 m2g 1, abundant of edges and vacancies)33 (Supplementary Fig. 11).

DiscussionAs mentioned above, the charge transfer was from h-BNNS to Pt on Nv and the corresponding opposite direction on Bv. Since both Nv and Bv are present in h-BNNS, to characterize the overall charge transfer between Pt and h-BNNS, in situ DRIFTS of CO adsorption was employed to probe the surface electronic state of Pt/h-BNNS and Pt/SiO2 (non-redox active support). The in situ

DRIFTS spectra in Fig. 7 show that the linearly adsorbed CO on Pt/h-BNNS gives an absorption at 2,075 cm 1, B15 cm 1 lower than that on Pt/SiO2. This redshift of the CO frequency indicates that the surfaces of Pt NPs are more negatively charged on h-BNNS than on SiO2. It suggests that the overall electron transfer is from h-BNNS to Pt NPs41, consistent with our EELS result that Pt preferably interacts with B atoms at NV,

where B atoms at NV tend to transfer charge to Pt (0.8 eV) based on Bader charge analysis (Fig. 5b). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to probe the change in the BE of Pt to further investigate the charge transfer between Pt and h-BNNS. XPS data were collected for the Pt/h-BNNS catalyst in Supplementary Fig. 12. The data showed typical h-BNNS spectra with little to no surface oxidation evident in the N1s and B1s plots. This also indicates that the catalytic activity enhancement is not due to the creation of B-O functionality at the support-Pt interface. The Pt 4f7/2 data show the presence of two unique Pt species with BEs of 70.73 and 72.56 eV corresponding to Pto and Pt2, respectively, with a relative ratio of 4:1. The Pt 4f5/2 data are shifted by 3.3 eV relative to the Pt 4f7/2 value consistent with the presence of two Pto and Pt2 species (relative ratio of 3.9:1).

This suggests that the majority of the Pt is in the reduced state consistent with what is required for CO oxidation. XPS data collected for the non-redox active support of Pt/SiO2 sample also indicated a signal for the Pt species consistent with Pt0 and Pt2 species. However, the corresponding relative ratio of Pt0 and Pt2 is 0.36:1 based on Pt 4f7/2 and 0.58:1 based on Pt 4f5/2 as shown in Supplementary Fig. 13, suggesting that Pt NPs are more negatively charged on h-BNNS than those on SiO2 support owing to the interfacial charge transfer between Pt and h-BNNS with vacancies. Meanwhile, the Pt0 BE in Pt/h-BNNS shifted negatively by 0.32 eV compared with that

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a b c

N2, below Pt3

3

2

3

1 4 2

2

3

4 1

2

3

3

3

2

3

1

2

1

1

4 1

1

BE = 2.00 eVPt1: 10.01 Pt2: 9.97 Pt3: 10.13 Pt4: 9.96 N1: 7.04 N2: 7.07 N3: 7.06 B1: 0.92 B2: 0.90 B3: 0.92

BE = 7.22 eVPt1: 10.80 Pt2: 10.05 Pt3: 10.22 Pt4: 10.05 B1: 1.19 B2: 1.28 B3: 1.21

BE = 7.77 eVPt1: 9.96 Pt2: 9.94 Pt3: 10.15 Pt4: 9.28 N1: 6.74 N2: 6.63 N3: 6.69

Pt atom

Figure 5 | Optimized structures and valence electrons of pyramidal Pt4 cluster on h-BNNS. (a) Pt4 cluster on clean, vacancy-free h-BNNS. (b) Pt4 cluster h-BNNS with Nv. (c) Pt4 cluster on h-BNNS with Bv.

N atom B atom

of the Pt/SiO2, demonstrating Pt is electron enriched in Pt/h-BNNS42.

In summary, we have discovered the interfacial electronic effects between Pt and a non-redox active vacancy-abundant h-BNNS support. We found that the Pt NPs were embedded on both Nv and Bv and the overall charge transfer is from h-BNNS to Pt. Consequently, O2 binds stronger than CO molecules, alleviating the CO poisoning of the Pt NPs and promoting the catalysis. This nding may provide a way to design and develop highly stable supported Pt catalysts with controllable activity and selectivity for other heterogeneous catalysis.

Methods

Preparation of h-BNNS. In a typical preparation process of h-BNNS, the commercial h-BN (parent bulk h-BN, lateral size 1 mm) powder (1 g) in quartz boat was ramped to 800 C in a mufe furnace under air, kept at this temperature for 5 min, and then immediately immersed into a dewar bottle containing liquid N2 (LN2) until the LN2 gasied completely. The above steps were performed repeatedly. The resulting h-BNNS was collected by the following process: the as-prepared h-BNNS were dispersed in isopropanol and sonicated for 30 min. Then the dispersion was centrifuged at 800 r.p.m. for 10 min to remove any remaining bulk crystals. The supernatant was collected and dried in vacuum oven overnight.

Preparation of Pt NPs. Pt(acac)2 (0.1 g), 1-octadecene (10 ml), oleic acid 1 ml and oleylamine (1 ml) were mixed under N2 and magnetic stirring. The mixture was then heated to 65 C to dissolve Pt(acac)2. The temperature was then raised to B160 oC. A solution of Fe(CO)5 in hexane (0.1 ml, prepared by adding 0.1 ml Fe(CO)5 in 1 ml hexane under N2) was injected into the hot solution under N2 blanket. The solution was further heated to 200 C and kept at this temperature for 1 h before it cooled down to room temperature. In total, 40 ml of isopropanol was added and then suspension was centrifuged (8,000 r.p.m.,B10 min) to separate the

Pt NPs. The particles were dispersed in 10 ml hexane and precipitated out by adding ethanol. The process was repeated one more time to purify the NPs. The as-prepared product was dispersed in 10 ml hexane for next use.

Preparation of Pt/h-BNNS catalysts. A certain volume of Pt NPs hexane solution was blow-dried by N2, weighing the mass of Pt NPs. A certain amount of h-BNNS (mass ratio of Pt NPs and h-BNNS is 1:12) was dispersed in the mixture of ethanol (5 ml) and hexane (5 ml) under sonication. Pt NPs were re-dispersed in the hexane (5 ml) under sonication and dropped slowly into the h-BNNS solution, sonicating for 1 h. The as-prepared sample was separated via centrifugation, washed with ethanol three times and dried in vacuum at 50 C for further use. Pt content was 1.18 wt.% by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy determination. The details for the preparation of Pt/bulk h-BN, Pt/TiO2, Pt/SiO2 and Pt/C catalysts were presented in supplementary information.

Catalyst characterisation. AFM was performed on Cypher AFM (Asylum Research) equipped with Nanosensor PPP-EFM probes, which typically havea moderate stiffness of 25 N m 1; TEM was performed using a Zeiss Libra 120 system operating at 120 kV. Quantitative elemental analysis was done on an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry on a Perkin-Elmer Optima 2000 DV ICP spectrometer. XPS data were collected using a PHI 3056 spectrometer with an Al anode source operated at 15 kV and an applied power of 350 W with samples mounted on indium foil. The higher energy species in the Pt data corresponds to Indium 4p from the substrate (onset 78 eV), which were unavoidable due to the samples adhesion to the indium foil. Annular dark-eld imaging and EELS analysis were carried out using a Nion UltraSTEM100 operated at 60 kV under ultrahigh vacuum (1 10 9 torr). The microscope is equipped

with a cold eld-emission gun and an aberrations corrector for sub-angstrom resolution. An inner angle no smaller than 30 mrad was used for annular dark-eld imaging. X-ray diffraction was performed on a Panalytical Empyrean diffractometer with Cu K-alpha radiation l 1.5418 operating at 45 kV and 40 mA.

In situ DRIFTS measurement was performed using a Nicolet Nexus 670 spectrometer equipped with a MCT detector cooled by liquid nitrogen. Each spectrum was recorded with 32 scans at a resolution of 4 cm 1. The sample was loaded in a porous ceramic cup and inserted into an in situ chamber (HC-900, Pike Technologies). The catalyst was pre-treated in the chamber at 200 C for 1 h in owing 5% O2/He before cooling down to room temperature for CO adsorption.

General procedure for CO oxidation. CO oxidation was carried out ina temperature-controlled microreactor (Altamira AMI 200) equipped with an on-line gas chromatograph. All experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure with a ow rate of 10 ml min 1 of 1% CO balanced in dry air. For the kinetic measurements, the amount of Pt/h-BNNS and Pt/SiO2 was reduced to 5 mg, respectively, to ensure the CO conversion is below 15%. The CO conversion was averaged at 10, 20, 30 and 40 min to calculate the reaction rate. The reaction rate (r) was calculated as equation (1):

r CO conversion rate CO

in=n Pt

1

Here, CO conversion rate is the percentage of CO oxidized to CO2 after the reaction. [CO]in is the total molar ow of CO per second. n(Pt) stands for total moles of Pt atoms.

DFT calculations. Spin-polarized periodic DFT calculations were performed using the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package43,44 to optimize the Pt4 clusters, CO,

O2 adsorptions and analyse the Bader charge of Pt/h-BNNS models. The h-BNNS was modelled using a p(5 5) supercell, with a vacuum of 20 along the direction

perpendicular to the substrate. The Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA)-PBE functional45 was used for electronic exchange-correlation effect. The projector wave augmentation method46 was used to describe the electron-ion interaction, with a plane wave cutoff energy of 400 eV. A 4 4 1 k-points mesh based on the

Monkhorst-Pack scheme41 was used for Brillouin-Zone integration. BEs on clean h-BNNS were calculated as: BE E

Pt4/h-BNNS

E Pt4 Eclean h-BNNS; BE on Nv/Bv

on h-BNNS are calculated as: BE EPt4

on Nv/Bv(h-BNNS)

EPt4 E Nv/Bv(h-BNNS).

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a

b c

3

2

4

2

4

2

3

3

1

4

1

1

BE = 2.65 eVPt1: 10.01 Pt2: 9.91 Pt3: 9.88 Pt4: 10.17 C: 3.06 O: 7.08

BE = 2.59 eVPt1: 10.18 Pt2: 9.94 Pt3: 9.91 Pt4: 9.23 C: 3.06 O: 7.02

BE = 2.83 eVPt1: 10.80 Pt2: 10.05 Pt3: 9.92 Pt4: 10.26 C: 3.04 O: 7.09

d e f

2

4 3

2 4

2

4

3

3

1

1

1

BE = 2.26 eVPt1: 10.02 Pt2: 9.65 Pt3: 10.06 Pt4: 9.98 O: 6.23

BE = 2.90 eVPt1: 10.00 Pt2: 10.01 Pt3: 9.58 Pt4: 9.19 O: 6.23

BE = 3.08 eV Pt1:10.77 Pt2: 10.08 Pt3: 9.64 Pt4: 10.18 O:6.23

C atom

O atom

N atom

B atom Pt atom

Figure 6 | Most stable conguration of CO and O2 adsorption and binding energies on Pt4 cluster. CO adsorption: (a) Pt4 cluster on clean, vacancy-free h-BNNS. (b) Pt4 cluster h-BNNS with Bv. (c) Pt4 cluster on h-BNNS with Nv. O2 adsorption: (d) Pt4 cluster on clean, vacancy-free h-BNNS. (e) Pt4 cluster h-BNNS with Bv. (f) Pt4 cluster on h-BNNS with Nv.

2,300

Pt/SiO2

Pt/h-BNNS

Intensity (a.u.)

2,100 2,000 1,900 Wavenumbers (cm1)

Figure 7 | In situ FTIR spectra of CO adsorbed on Pt/h-BNNS and Pt/SiO2 at room temperature. Temperature 25 C. Features from gas

phase CO have been subtracted.

2,200

2,090

2,075

Respective BEs of CO and O2 were calculated according to: BECO/O2* E

CO/O2*

EPt4 on h-BNNS E

CO/O2(g).

Data availability. The authors declare that the data supporting the ndings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Ofce of Science, Ofce of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division Materials Science and Technology Division under contract number DE-AC05-00OR22725. Part of the work including the IR and STEM study were conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a DOE Ofce of Science User Facility. We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21576122 and 21376111 and a). A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). The computational contribution was supported by the Start-up fund provided by Kansas State University; the National Science Foundation under Award No. EPS-0903806, and matching support from the State of Kansas through the Kansas Board of Regents for nancial support. M.Z. and B.L. also acknowledge the supercomputing resources provided by the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) of the Ofce of Science of the US Department of Energy under the contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357; the Beocat Research Cluster at Kansas State University, which is funded in part by NSF grants CNS-1006860; and the National Energy Research Scientic Computing Center (NERSC) under the contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

Author contributions

W.Z., H.Z. and S.D. conceived the idea. W.Z. prepared and characterized the catalysts and performed the CO catalytic oxidation experiment. Z.W. and G.S.F. performed in situ IR spectroscopy measurements. X.G. and H.N.L. carried out STEM and EELS. G.M.V. and K.L.B. provided XPS. M.Z., B.L. and H.L. provided theoretical calculation and discussion. W.Z. and H.Z. wrote the paper. P.W., Z.W. and S.D. discussed the results and participated in the preparation of the paper.

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How to cite this article: Zhu, W. et al. Taming interfacial electronic properties of platinum nanoparticles on vacancy-abundant boron nitride nanosheets for enhanced catalysis. Nat. Commun. 8, 15291 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15291 (2017).

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