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Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis is an integral part of bioinformatics as it determines evolutionary relationship between molecules or organisms. The aim of this study is to determine phylogenetic analysis of 5 bacteria ( Campylobacter jejuni , Fusobacteriumnucleatum , Streptococcus mutants , Treponema denticola and Porphyromonasgingivalis ) which are found in apical periodontitis using sequences of their ABC transporters. After obtaining the sequences from the database , multiple sequence analysis was done using Clustal Omega program and this is used to generate a phylogenetic tree using Mega 5 software. The phylogenetic tree shows that Campylobacterjejuni and Fusobacteriumnucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans and Treponema denticolaevolved from a common ancestor where as Porphyromonasgingivalisunderwent no changes during the course of evolution.
Keywords: Phylogentic analysis, Apical periodontitis, ABC transporters, bacterial species
INTRODUCTION
Apical periodontitis is the inflammatory condition of periodontal tissues apical to a tooth caused by microorganism (mainly bacteria) invading the periapical area from a necrotic infected root canal1,2.Necrosis of pulp can occur as a sequele to caries , trauma or due to iatrogenic causes3. The microbiota of endodontic infection is mixed and as the pulp becomes necrotic, the ecology shifts and are dominated by anaerobic microorganism4. The pathogenesis of apical periodontitis is complex and involves host-tooth factors and their interrelationship.
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are members of a transport system present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and often consist of multiple subunits, one or two of which are transmembrane proteins and one or two of which are membrane-associated ATPases5,6,7. The energy released during ATP binding and hydrolysis is used by ATPase for translocation of various substrates across membranes, either for uptake or for export of the substrate8.ABC transporters are important for the pathogenic bacteria to maintain their cell viability, virulence, and pathogenicity7. The ABC transporters helps the bacteria to overcome any undesirable change occurring in the cell and plays an important role in maintaining cell viability9. Other than functioning in transport, some bacterial ABC proteins are also involved in the regulation of several physiological processes7.
Phylogenetic analysis is a way of inferring or estimating the evolutionary relationships among molecules ("gene trees"), organisms, or both using branching, treelike diagrams that represent an estimated pedigree of the inherited relationships10.
The aim of this study is to determine the phylogenetic analysis of...