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Abstract
Our objectives were to determine if there are quantitative associations between amounts and intensities of physical activities (PA) on NMR biomarkers and changes in skeletal muscle gene expressions in subjects with high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) performing a 3-month PA intervention. We found that PA was associated with beneficial biomarker changes in a factor containing several VLDL and HDL subclasses and lipids in principal component analysis (P = <0.01). Division of PA into quartiles demonstrated significant changes in NMR biomarkers in the 2nd - 4th quartiles compared to the 1st quartile representing PA of less than 2850 daily steps (P = 0.0036). Mediation analysis of PA-related reductions in lipoproteins showed that the effects of PA was 4–15 times greater than those of body weight or fat mass reductions. In a subset study in highly active subjects’ gene expressions of oxidative fiber markers, Apo D, and G0/G1 Switch Gene 2, controlling insulin signaling and glucose metabolism were significantly increased. Slow walking at speeds of 2–3 km/h exceeding 2895 steps/day attenuated several circulating lipoprotein lipids. The effects were mediated rather by PA than body weight or fat loss. Thus, lower thresholds for PA may exist for long term prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases in sedentary overweight subjects.
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1 Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
2 Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
3 Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Unit of General Practice, and Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
4 CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
5 Department of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
6 Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
7 Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland