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Functional purists aren’t big fans of Scala, but the trek from Java to Scala is short. [...]with AI and machine learning becoming the hot topics of the day and Apache Spark being written in Scala, this is kind of an obvious choice. C If you never learned C, this classic language is back on the rise. [...]even if you don’t use it (to, say, program Arduino devices), it will help you understand how Java works and how to debug the big issues when they go wrong, like concurrency issues and race conditions. (Hint: the Harvard course is more affordable than Microsoft—go figure!) SQL You’re a NoSQL guy or gal, so why SQL? Because it is a fair bet that more people know SQL than any other language. Python Python isn’t simple to learn, but it is easier to learn enough to do something meaningful than, say, Java or Scala. [...]the more obvious choice of Ruby is declining in popularity, so I can’t really recommend it because I’m not sure it will be useful in a few years outside of a cult following.