Abstract

We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within 8% for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.

Details

Title
An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser
Author
Descamps, A 1 ; Ofori-Okai, B K 2 ; Appel, K 3 ; Cerantola, V 3 ; Comley, A 4 ; Eggert, J H 5 ; Fletcher, L B 2 ; Gericke, D O 6 ; Göde, S 3 ; Humphries, O 7 ; Karnbach, O 7 ; Lazicki, A 5 ; Loetzsch, R 8 ; McGonegle, D 9 ; Palmer C A J 10 ; Plueckthun, C 3 ; Preston, T R 3 ; Redmer, R 11 ; Senesky, D G 12 ; Strohm, C 13 ; Uschmann, I 8 ; White, T G 14 ; Wollenweber, L 3 ; Monaco, G 15 ; Wark, J S 7 ; Hastings, J B 2 ; Zastrau, U 3 ; Gregori, G 7 ; Glenzer, S H 2 ; McBride, E E 2 

1  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA (GRID:grid.445003.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 7771); Stanford University, Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000000419368956) 
2  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA (GRID:grid.445003.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 7771) 
3  European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany (GRID:grid.434729.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0590 2900) 
4  Atomic Weapons Establishment, Reading, UK (GRID:grid.63833.3d) (ISNI:0000000406437510) 
5  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA (GRID:grid.250008.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2160 9702) 
6  University of Warwick, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Coventry, UK (GRID:grid.7372.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 8809 1613) 
7  University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
8  Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Jena, Germany (GRID:grid.9613.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 1939 2794); Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany (GRID:grid.450266.3) 
9  Atomic Weapons Establishment, Reading, UK (GRID:grid.63833.3d) (ISNI:0000000406437510); University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
10  Queen’s University, School of Mathematics and Physics, Belfast, UK (GRID:grid.4777.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0374 7521) 
11  Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, Rostock, Germany (GRID:grid.10493.3f) (ISNI:0000000121858338) 
12  Stanford University, Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000000419368956) 
13  European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany (GRID:grid.434729.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0590 2900); Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
14  University of Nevada, Reno, USA (GRID:grid.266818.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 914X) 
15  Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, Povo, Italy (GRID:grid.11696.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0351) 
Publication year
2020
Publication date
2020
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x
ProQuest document ID
2023453245
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.