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About the Authors:
Mathieu Bangert
Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Current address: Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland
Affiliations European Public Health Microbiology Training Program (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden, WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
María D. Flores-Chávez
Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Ivonne P. Llanes-Acevedo
Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing - review & editing
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Carolina Arcones
Roles Investigation, Methodology
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Carmen Chicharro
Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - review & editing
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Emilia García
Roles Investigation, Methodology
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Sheila Ortega
Roles Investigation, Methodology
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-4329
Javier Nieto
Roles Investigation, Methodology
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
Israel Cruz
Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
* E-mail: [email protected]
Current address: Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, Geneva, Switzerland
Affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-2360Abstract
Background
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, is endemic in Europe with Mediterranean countries reporting endemic status alongside a worrying northward spread. Serological diagnosis, including immunochromatographic test based on the recombinant antigen rK39 (rK39-ICT) and a direct agglutination test (DAT) based on the whole parasite antigen, have been validated in regions with high VL burden, such as eastern Africa and the Indian subcontinent. To...