Content area
Abstract
The growing number of international-management studies has stimulated the search for a better understanding of this expression and field. Recent articles have agreed and disagreed on what it means. A key point of discussion has been whether the traditional definition of international management - namely, management crossing borders - should be challenged; another is whether related expressions, such as global management, does improve the understanding of what "international management" means. The researchers develop a definition that ranges beyond the one-way crossing of borders to include two-way exchanges, domestic learning and the development of a practice of management in all institutions. Key results show that "International management" applies not only to the unidirectional crossing of national borders but also to the two-directional learning experienced by managers outside their home environments. "Global" and "transnational" add a mental mindset to the more material content of the crossing of borders by factors of production (including knowledge) and firms.