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ABSTRACT: The evolution of psychoanalysis, from chimney sweeping to mutual analysis, mirrors the evolution within Hungary of increasing religious tolerance and equality during the nineteenth century. By 1895 the law of reception declared Judaism a sanctioned religion in Hungary. Within five years, most Hungarian doctors were Jews. One was Sandor Ferenczi. Tolerance informed his practice of psychoanalysis. Freudian analysis spun chimney sweeping from a patient-informed practice into an authoritarian one, limned by oedipal conflict. Ferenczi's two children therapy, by contrast, reflected his Weltanschauung of tolerance and restored psychoanalysis to its chimney sweeping roots, a collaboration with vulnerable partners who must cooperate with each other to thrive. A mutual therapy demands the therapist ally with patients to tolerate explorations; an oedipal therapy demands the therapists separate from the patient and conquer the patient's neurosis. This paper will relate the evolution of psychoanalysis to the respective statuses of Austria to Hungary and then link these to both Freud's and Ferenczi's unique perspectives on praxis.
HOW THE LAW OF RECEPTION BEGOT MUTUAL ANALYSIS.
The evolution of psychoanalysis, from chimney sweeping to mutual analysis, parallels the evolution within Hungary of increasing religious tolerance and equality during the nineteenth century. The respective statuses of Austria, the conqueror, to Hungary, the controlled, informed both Freud's and Ferenczi's perspectives on the purpose, practice, and validity of psychoanalysis and paralleled their relationship to each other. Freud ide_168.tified with conquerors; Ferenczi with creators. Ultimately, Freud's ide_168.tification with Oedipus predicted his conquest of the worldwide analytic Weltanschauung, permitting others to neglect Ferenczi's patient-informed praxis.
In this paper I will autopsy the clanging kulturkampfs of both Freud and Ferenczi as they may have influenced their development of psychoanalytic techniques. First, I will begin by summarizing the history of the Austro-Hungarian empire, from 1723 to 1948, highlighting how sovereign politics personally affected the Freud and Ferenczi families. Then I will summarize both Ferenczi's premature ejaculation paper (Ferenczi, 1908) and Freud's Anna O. paper (Breuer & Freud, 1895). I will show how chimney sweeping ultimately became psychoanalysis; how psychoanalysis then rejected chimney sweeping and was conquered by Oedipus; and how mutual analysis marked a return to its patient-allied analytic roots.
First, this paper will delve into the roots of the Hapsburg Empire. By 1723 Austria ruled Hungary....