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ABSTRACT
Creative accounting can be described as an accounting practice that may or may not follow the accounting standards and principles. However, it deviates from the main idea of those standards and principles in order to present the desired picture of the business. Creative accounting is not illegal, but unethical since it doesn't meet the main objective of financial reporting - to present fair and objective picture of the business. The practice of creative accounting usually includes overstating assets, high stocks, decreasing expenses, changes of depreciation methods, or presenting provisions as an asset. Creative accounting techniques follow the changes of accounting standards, which are modified in order to reduce financial information manipulation. However, such changes in accounting standards often result in new opportunities for accounting manipulation. Although entities follow the accounting standards, they also use "loopholes" to enhance key financial ratios. Therefore, it is very important to adopt measures that will prevent the abuse of creative accounting practices. The aim of the paper is to present the main motives for financial information manipulation, as well as the most common techniques, and finally the measures that have to be taken in order to minimize creative accounting practices.
Keywords: Creative accounting, earnings management, accounting manipulations, financial statements
1. Introduction
Financial statements are the mirror of every company's business. They also represent a medium through which information on the financial position and business success of a company are communicated, primarily to external interest groups, which make different decisions based on such information. In order to be able to make the right decisions, the information contained in financial statements must be accurate and reliable. However, companies nowadays are increasingly resorting to "cooking" financial statements in order to present a more attractive business image and attract as many investors as possible. This is precisely why the concept of creative accounting has appeared. In other words, there is a distortion of financial information and presumptions of accuracy and reliability are brought into question.
Increasing competition and the economic environment are just some of the reasons why companies resort to various accounting manipulation techniques, with the aim of concealing possible losses and presenting the business in the best possible light. This does not necessarily mean that there is violation of accounting...