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Abstract
Red-shanked doucs (Pygathrix nemaeus) are endangered, foregut-fermenting colobine primates which are difficult to maintain in captivity. There are critical gaps in our understanding of their natural lifestyle, including dietary habits such as consumption of leaves, unripe fruit, flowers, seeds, and other plant parts. There is also a lack of understanding of enteric adaptations, including their unique microflora. To address these knowledge gaps, we used the douc as a model to study relationships between gastrointestinal microbial community structure and lifestyle. We analyzed published fecal samples as well as detailed dietary history from doucs with four distinct lifestyles (wild, semi-wild, semi-captive, and captive) and determined gastrointestinal bacterial microbiome composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. A clear gradient of microbiome composition was revealed along an axis of natural lifestyle disruption, including significant associations with diet, biodiversity, and microbial function. We also identified potential microbial biomarkers of douc dysbiosis, including Bacteroides and Prevotella, which may be related to health. Our results suggest a gradient-like shift in captivity causes an attendant shift to severe gut dysbiosis, thereby resulting in gastrointestinal issues.
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1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; GreenViet Biodiversity Conservation Center, Son Tra District, Da Nang, Vietnam; Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA
2 Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, 200 Union St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
3 GreenViet Biodiversity Conservation Center, Son Tra District, Da Nang, Vietnam; Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Germany
4 GreenViet Biodiversity Conservation Center, Son Tra District, Da Nang, Vietnam
5 Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Wildlife Nutrition Centre, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
6 Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, 200 Union St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
7 Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
8 Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, The University of Da Nang - University of Science and Education, Lien Chieu District, Da Nang, Vietnam
9 Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
10 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
11 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
12 Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
13 Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, Nho Quan District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam
14 Philadelphia Zoological Garden, Philadelphia, PA, USA
15 School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
16 Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, 200 Union St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
17 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA; Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota, USA