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Abstract
Submegabase-size topologically associating domains (TAD) have been observed in high-throughput chromatin interaction data (Hi-C). However, accurate detection of TADs depends on ultra-deep sequencing and sophisticated normalization procedures. Here we propose a fast and normalization-free method to decode the domains of chromosomes (deDoc) that utilizes structural information theory. By treating Hi-C contact matrix as a representation of a graph, deDoc partitions the graph into segments with minimal structural entropy. We show that structural entropy can also be used to determine the proper bin size of the Hi-C data. By applying deDoc to pooled Hi-C data from 10 single cells, we detect megabase-size TAD-like domains. This result implies that the modular structure of the genome spatial organization may be fundamental to even a small cohort of single cells. Our algorithms may facilitate systematic investigations of chromosomal domains on a larger scale than hitherto have been possible.
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Details
1 State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, School of Computer Science, Beihang University, Beijing, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Computer Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
2 State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Computer Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
3 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
4 School of Computer Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
5 School of Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
6 School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
7 School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China