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The first tarot decks, beautifully hand-painted in the courts of Northern Italy in the fifteenth century, boasted wonderful images of cherubim and angels, mysterious landscapes and many enigmatic figures wearing glorious robes of gold. At first glance, it would appear that the image of the mother was absent from these original decks. Though maternal images and themes were not explicit, I will argue that the mother has always been present in the tarot deck in some form, though admittedly a portrayal of maternity was not the foremost purpose of these cards. In the trumps, women appeared as feminine personifications of the moon and astrology, the Theological and Cardinal Virtues, as the Popess (in more recent times known as the High Priestess), and as the Empress. Further, it was usually a woman who ruled over the World trump, typically the most powerful card in the deck. It was for the game of tarot that Queens were first added to the all-masculine court of King, Knight and Jack. By examining the likely identities of the female figures illustrated in Renaissance and subsequent decks, their status in the trump hierarchy and their subsequent divinatory meanings, I will argue that over nearly five hundred years, the role of the 'mother' in tarot has become increasingly significant. In conclusion, I will demonstrate how the image of the mother has become explicit and integral in many New Age divinatory tarot decks, some entirely focused around the idea of the archetypal 'mother'.
Tarot was likely invented sometime in the early fifteenth century at the court of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan,1 a despotic ruler with a taste for astrology and board games.2 This seventy-eight-card deck evolved from the regular playing card deck3 which was brought to Italy from Egypt, still under Mamluk rule, in the second half of the fourteenth century.4 The regular deck was augmented by the addition of a set of numbered trump cards and one unnumbered card, the Fool (Fou) to make the tarot deck.s Tarot further distinguished itself by possessing four court cards per suit instead of three. Because of our familiarity with English and French decks, it would be easy to believe that the additional card was the Knight, but in reality the Queen was the...