目前肺癌最有效的治疗手段仍是外科手术,但是由于目前缺乏有效的早期诊断方法,70%以上的的肺癌病人就诊时已属晚期,失去了手术治疗的最佳时机。近年来,RFA作为一种新的局部治疗手段运用于肺部肿瘤的治疗,取得了很好的临床效果。现将应用射频消融治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床资料报告如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究对象
2007年3月-2008年5月,为66例中晚期非小细胞肺癌病人68个病灶行CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术,其中男性41例,女性25例,年龄36岁-91岁,平均65.88岁±12.22岁。术前检查包括血常规、肝肾功能、肿瘤标志物、T/B淋巴细胞亚群、X胸片、胸部CT、肿瘤SPECT或PET、腹部B超、骨扫描、头颅核磁。术前病理学诊断明确,腺癌26例、鳞癌24例、支气管肺泡癌4例、大细胞肺癌2例、腺鳞癌2例、未分型8例。其中ⅢB期32例,Ⅳ期34例,术前发现骨转移14例,脑转移11例,恶性胸水10例,肺内转移8例。接受射频消融的病灶直径最小1.00 cm,最大13.60 cm,平均3.96 cm±2.04 cm。
1.2 研究方法
术前签署知情同意书,禁食水2 h,杜冷丁50 mg肌注,建立液体通路,心电监护,吸氧,贴电极片。
采用Siemens somatom sensation 64 cardiac CT扫描,根据病变位置选择仰卧、侧卧或俯卧位,两手上举,进行粗扫,扫描层厚6 mm。根据CT扫描结果定位,放置定位光栅,再次低剂量扫描,三维重建,确定穿刺点、深度和角度。穿刺点用1%利多卡因局部麻醉,局部胸膜充分麻醉。避开肋骨、大血管、肺大泡,将锚状电极射频针按事先测得的方向和角度快速到达病变部位。穿刺针进入的深度以病灶外缘为宜,然后再进行扫描,观察针尖若为最佳位置,按下穿刺针尾端使锚状电极从穿刺鞘针尖端呈“伞”状弹出,再次扫描观察电极在病灶中的位置。如位置不理想,收回射频电极,调整位置,重新弹出电极。
射频针尾部连接射频发生器,开始消融。一般消融温度设定在90 ℃。根据病灶大小设定出针长度、功率、时间。多点位温度监测,确保完全消融肿瘤,不过度消融,避免炭化。消融时间15 min-120 min,平均消融时间37.46 min±18.03 min。消融完毕冷却后收回射频针,针道消融,拔出穿刺针,包扎穿刺点。再进行扫描,观察病灶有无变化和气胸出血等并发症,确定患者无异常时返回病房,静卧2 h。预防性抗菌素使用,发热、咳血等给予对症处理。根据患者病情给予放化疗和生物靶向治疗,同期处理其他转移灶,部分患者根据影像再次射频治疗。
近期疗效采用实体瘤疗效评价标准(Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors, RECIST)并增加肿瘤代谢显像(Single positron emission computed tomography, SPECT),指标包括:血清肿瘤标志物、胸部增强CT扫描(肿瘤大小以射频消融后5 min扫描结果为基准)、T/N值(2.5以上判断为恶性)。复查时间为1个月、3个月。
2 结果
2.1 CT和SPECT显像改变
射频消融结束后5 min,CT扫描立即显示所有病人病灶经治疗后阴影增大,体积平均增大约50%;原因可能与瘤组织凝固性坏死、水肿、出血和周围急性炎性反应有关。病灶密度由原来的增强实质型,转变成低密度,部分病灶出现液化坏死或气泡样改变;原因在于病灶在加热过程中气化产生的微小气泡使原来较均匀的高密度病灶出现蜂窝状低密度影。病灶周边还同时出现磨砂玻璃样反应带,可能是由于加热后正常组织的渗出所致(图1)。64个病灶CT值降低占94.1%,平均降至20以下;4个病灶CT值增加占5.9%,CT值增加的原因可能在于组织完全凝固性坏死,而没有出现气化。
术后1个月复查CT,病灶大小与原肿瘤相比变化不明显;但SPECT显示部分病灶完全无核素浓聚,T/N值下降至正常值以下的患者占82.4%(56/68)。
术后3个月复查CT,没有出现CR,肿瘤缩小(PR)73.5%(50/68),肿瘤无变化者(SD)2.9%(2/68),肿瘤增大者(PD)8.8%(6/68),该6例增大的病灶进行了第2次消融,其中4例在第一次消融后6个月,2例为第一次消融后12个月。3个月复查SPECT提示T/N降低至正常值以下的患者占79.4%(54/68)。
2.2 并发症
术中一般感觉局部发热、出汗、甚至心率加快,无需特殊处理;术中咳血2例,经过对症止血治疗未影响射频治疗;剧烈咳嗽4例,可能与刺激支气管有关,经过注水孔注入利多卡因即可缓解;升温慢2例,可能与病理学类型有关,我们发现腺癌患者的升温较慢,原因可能在于腺癌组织中的管腔内含有气体所致;气胸6例,经过抽气以后未行胸腔闭式引流(图2);疼痛2例,经过术前或术中给予哌替啶或吗啡对症治疗好转;4例出现胸膜反应,经过降低靶温度在70 ℃以上,患者适应温度以后,在调整靶温度到90 ℃,并不影响射频治疗效果。治疗术后2-3天可有发热(体温38 ℃-39 ℃)、少量血痰、穿刺点疼痛等,经对症治疗后均可缓解。无围手术期死亡。
图 1 78岁女性左下叶肺腺癌患者, 伴有COPD和心血管疾病 A:左肺下叶2 cm的病变;B:俯卧位CT显示锚状射频针在肿瘤内;C:冠状面CT所示锚状射频针在肿瘤内;D:矢状面CT所示锚状射频针在肿瘤内;E:消融时锚状射频针在肿瘤内;F:消融后肿瘤内示空泡样改变. Fig 1 A 78-year-old female with biopsy-proven, left lower lobe adenocarcinoma. Age, COPD, and cardiovascular disease precluded lung resection A: Pretreatment axial CT image in mediastinal windows shows a 2 cm spiculated mass in the left lower lobe; B: Prone axial CT image shows radiofrequency electrode within the center of the mass; C: Coronal reconstruction shows central shaft of probe with umbrellalike circumferential tines; D: Sagittal reconstruction shows probe entering from posterior into this mass; E: Multiplanar reformatting of axial CT data confirms accurate intraprocedural probe positioning for radiofrequency ablation; F: CT scan obtained immediately after RFA shows unenhanced wedge-shaped consolidation at same site.
图 2 59岁女性, 右上肺腺癌患者, CT扫描显示经过射频消融治疗后出现气胸, 经过胸腔穿刺治愈 Fig 2 Transverse CT scans show large pneumothorax that formed after RFA in a 59-year-old female with right upper lobe adenocarconoma, which was treated with thoracentesis
3 讨论
1979年Sugaar[1]对射频消融治疗肺部恶性肿瘤进行了组织病理学研究。Goldberg等[2,3]于1995年、1996年在兔肺上进行了射频消融的实验研究。1996年意大利学者Rossi[4]研制发明了集成电路束电极射频装置—锚状电极射频针,发出的射频波一次可使组织凝固性坏死范围达5.0 cm×5.5 cm×6.0 cm[5]。锚状电极射频消融治疗肝癌取得满意效果后,Dupuy等[6]2000年将这一技术应用于3例肺癌的治疗。
射频消融的原理是在肿瘤组织内施以一定频率的射频电流,产生高频率电磁波,组织内极性分子发生高速震荡产生摩擦,将射频能转化为热能,当温度达到90 ℃,可有效地快速杀死局部肿瘤细胞,同时可使肿瘤周围的血管组织凝固形成一个反应带,有利于防止肿瘤转移,治疗后的炎症反应可进一步导致肿瘤坏死。肺部肿瘤周围正常肺组织可通过肺部大血管的血液循环和呼气散热,因此正常肺组织实际起着绝缘的作用,使能量可以充分集中在病变部位;加之肺部肿瘤组织的血流量低,因此射频消融治疗肺部肿瘤是可行而有效的。在国外射频消融的主要适应证包括:(1.)手术不可切除的周围型非小细胞肺癌患者;(2.)因心肺功能差不能耐受手术或高龄不愿手术的周围型肺癌患者;(3.)肿瘤距离大血管或较大支气管在1.0 cm以上;(4.)不能手术的小细胞肺癌患者经过放化疗以后肿瘤进展或者复发;(5.)拒绝手术者;(6.)肺部多发转移瘤,数目< 3。但在我国,射频消融技术目前处于推广阶段,从医学伦理学角度考虑,我们选择了中晚期非小细胞肺癌作为研究对象。
本研究中,因采用CT引导下射频消融治疗肺癌,在局麻下进行,患者存在自主呼吸,肺活动度较大,选择锚状射频针可以使射频针在出针以后固定肿瘤,减少射频针对肺的副损伤。对于直径小于5 cm的肿瘤单次治疗即可,而对于直径大于5 cm或两个病灶以上的肿瘤则需多点多角度重复治疗,使热毁损区域相互叠加,才有可能使整个病灶得到较为彻底的治疗。本组中,周围型肺癌疗效比中心型好,主要原因是中心型肺癌肿块靠近肺门大血管、大气管,血流或空气带走大量热能,肿瘤内热量不易蓄积,难以形成凝固性坏死;其次是中心型肺癌就诊较晚、肿块巨大,射频时难以一次全面彻底毁损。本组治疗中心型肺癌和右上肺纵隔型肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的肺癌患者6例,术后补充放疗,也取得良好效果。
一项有关射频消融治疗105例患者242个肿瘤的研究中,3个月的CT随访显示,肿瘤完全消失11例,肿瘤部位形成空洞8例。2例周围性肺癌,射频消融治疗后肺叶切除,原肿瘤部位未找到癌细胞[7]。肿瘤缩小率因随访的时间不同难以统一,多数报道射频消融治疗3个月后肿瘤不断缩小直至消失;3个月-12个月随访患者的肿瘤总缓解率即完全缓解率(CR)与部分缓解率(PR)之和在65.5%-82.2%之间,约90%患者无局部复发;1年随访死亡率小于10%,死因多为肺外或全身播散性疾病,绝大多数与操作技术无关[8-14]。本组的有效率为73.5%,但是大部分肿瘤并不缩小,甚至还有增大,因此必须通过增强CT或者SPECT显像来判定效果。
CT的近期改变具有临床意义的是术后肿块内凝固性坏死灶的出现,凝固性坏死灶的特点是灶状,形态上以针尖状为主,少数为筛孔和蜂窝状。一般认为近期(1个月-3个月)内CT评价存在缺陷,因该时期内病灶及周围反应性充血、纤维组织增生一般还未消失,CT依据病灶的大小及密度的变化难以与肿瘤残留或复发相鉴别,且射频消融治疗后肿瘤的形态学变化往往迟于代谢变化[7,15],此时期宜采用SPECT或PET评价[10-14]。在3个月后的疗效评价中以CT最方便实用,复查增强CT可见肿瘤坏死区明显缩小,其周边环绕清晰锐利的强化环,表明肿瘤无明显重新生长,则认为射频消融治疗得当[16]。
国内几家医院统计的气胸发生率为11.1%-50%,总发生率32%,高龄、肺气肿患者者更易发生,可发生在术中或术后,少量气体可不予处置,中等至大量气胸可行胸穿抽气或放置胸腔闭式引流装置,10%左右的患者需要留置胸腔闭式引流管。
患者在接受射频消融治疗时感觉发热,大汗淋漓,多无体温升高,这主要与射频消融治疗产生热量并随血流带走(称血流灌注冷却)有关。术后发热常见原因是吸收热,多系射频消融治疗后,病灶坏死吸收所致。此时患者无感染中毒症状,白细胞计数多数< 1×109/L,且中性粒细胞核左移不明显。热程多在2 d-3 d,体温在38.5 ℃以下。
从本组病人的治疗结果来看:(1.)射频消融治疗中晚期肺癌是安全有效的,是一个值得推荐的治疗手段;(2.)三维重建CT通过提供肿瘤的冠状、矢状、轴位图像,制定最佳消融计划,包括进针位置、角度、深度,从而快速准确完成穿刺;(3.)消融前应将射频针开到计划消融的最大直径,并在CT下扫描以明确各电极针的准确位置,保证消融灶边缘超过肿瘤边缘0.5 cm-1 cm,以杀死肿瘤生长最活跃的周边部分。目前新一代的消融针可以一次性成7 cm的消融灶,且消融时间明显缩短,极大的提高的消融效率;(4.)与开胸或电视胸腔镜下射频消融比较,CT引导下射频消融治疗具有微创、及时发现并发症和评价疗效的优点;(5.)CT引导下射频消融治疗肺癌由于是在局麻下进行,部分贴近胸膜的病灶在射频时刺激胸膜,尽管出现疼痛或胸膜反应,经过调整靶温度最低至70 ℃,患者热耐受以后,靶温度也可以升到90 ℃;(6.)部分患者升温较慢可能是由于病理学类型为腺癌的患者。
总之,射频消融治疗中晚期肺癌彻底性目前还有争论,这一技术只能视为一种减瘤手术,作为综合治疗的一部分需要与放化疗、生物靶向治疗相结合。由于开展时间较短,能否提高患者5年生存率,有待今后更长时间的随访和观察。
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Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 近年来,射频消融术(Radio-Frequency Ablation, RFA)作为一种新的局部治疗手段运用于肺部肿瘤的治疗,取得了很好的临床效果。本文探讨CT引导下射频消融治疗中晚期肺癌的临床价值。方法 对66例中晚期非小细胞肺癌的68个病灶(其中2例病人各治疗2个病灶)在三维重建CT引导下进行射频消融治疗,观察近期疗效。结果 66例病人经CT引导下射频消融,即刻及1个月复查CT提示病灶阴影增大,而64个病灶CT值降低,占94.1%,4个病灶CT值增加,占5.9%。1个月复查SPECT提示T/N降低至正常值以下的患者占82.4%(56/68)。治疗后3个月CT扫描显示在68个肿瘤中,没有肿瘤完全消失(CR)者,肿瘤缩小者(PR)73.5%(50/68),肿瘤无变化者(SD)2.9%(2/68),肿瘤增大者(PD)8.8%(6/68),6例增大的病灶进行了第2次消融;3个月复查SPECT提示T/N降低至正常值以下的患者占79.4%(54/68)。无严重并发症,无围手术期死亡。结论 CT引导下射频消融治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌安全可行,近期疗效明显。
Background and objective Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of lung tumours has recently received much attention for the promising results achieved. Here, to evaluate the value of three-dimensional reconstruction CT in radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Sixty-six cases of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with 68 lesions (2 patients had 2 lesion treated in one session) were underwent three-dimensional reconstruction CT-giuded percutaneous RFA therapy. To evaluate short-term therapeutic effect of lung tumors using spiral CT scanning in 1-3 months after RFA to investigate the alterations of tumor size and density pre-and post-procedure, and complications, to observe the short-term curative effect. Results Our experiences have shown an initial increase in lesion size at immediate follow-up CT. The density of 64 lesions was lowered (94.1%) and 4 lesion is increased (5.9%) at immediate and one month follow-up CT. SPECT scan findings that 82.4% (56/68) cases of FDG uptake in tumors after RFA with tumor/non-tumor of lower than 2.5 at one month follow-up. The change in treated lesion size over time, radiologically assessed through measurements of the lesions on axial CT scans in the lung window setting no lesions had complete response, 50 lesions (73.5%) had partial response, 2 lesions with stable disease, 6 lesions showed progressive disease at 3 month follow-up CT. SPECT scan findings that 79.4% (54/68) cases of FDG uptake in tumors after RFA with tumor/non-tumor of lower than 2.5 at 3 month follow-up. Conclusion The percutaneous RFA therapy under the guidance of three-dimensional reconstruction CT scan is safe and effective, with few complications, and can serve as a new method to the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancers.
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