在传统的肿瘤治疗方法中化疗仍是主要的肿瘤治疗手段之一,现有化疗药物副反应大、难以耐受等缺点,因此迫切需要发现高效、低毒、乃至天然的化疗成分。吲哚-3-甲醇(indole-3-carbinol, I3C)广泛存在于十字花科蔬菜中,包括花茎甘蓝、抱子甘蓝、萝卜、辣根、大白菜、花椰菜、水田芥菜等,(分子式如图1所示),是十字花科蔬菜中研究最多和最重要的一种抗肿瘤成分。
自从1978年Wattenberg和Loub首次报道了I3C可以抑制多环芳烃诱导的大鼠肿瘤,随后多项动物试验模型证实了I3C具有抑制自发形成的或由化学物质诱导的癌症的作用[1]人体实验也证实I3C的抗肿瘤功效。以下主要对国内外已有的众多相关成果作简要的概述,为今后I3C新药开发和临床应用提供很好的依据。
以下主要对国内外已有的众多相关成果作简要的概述,为今后I3C新药开发和临床应用提供很好的依据。
图 1 I3C的结构[2] 分子式:CHNO,分子量:147.18 Fig 1 Structure of I3C
1 I3C可抑制致癌物-DNA加合物形成
Shertzer应用体外实验系统及用I3C灌胃处理小鼠之肝线粒体的研究[3]发现,I3C可抑制苯并吡代谢物与小鼠肝脏DNA和蛋白质的共价结合。有人发现I3C在雌型F344大鼠也可以抑制食物中致癌剂PhIP所诱导的DNA加合物的形成。Arif研究小组[4]发现I3C在大鼠组织可以抑制香烟烟雾相关的DNA加合物的形成。这些结果都显示出I3C可以抑制致癌物-DNA加合物形成。
2 I3C可诱导癌细胞G1期阻滞
研究表明I3C可以通过调节周期素依赖激酶发挥其作用,但特异性作用因子不尽相同。I3C可干扰Sp1与周期素依赖性蛋白激酶6(CDK6)启动子DNA结合位点的相互作用,也可干扰Sp1与CDK2抑制因子p21的结合。在人乳腺上皮细胞株MCF210A,I3C可经由p53基因和几种其它信号分子诱导CDK抑制基因p21发生磷酸化而诱导G1期阻滞,而在人角质细胞癌HaCaT细胞株,I3C则可通过另一种CDK抑制基因p15INK4b诱导G1期的阻滞[5]。在前列腺癌细胞株PC3,I3C可下调CDK6表达及CDK6激酶的活性,并上调CDK6抑制因子的表达[6]。
3 I3C诱发细胞凋亡
I3C其诱发凋亡过程是通过影响一定特异性细胞信号系统进行的。在人乳腺上皮细胞株MCF-10A,I3C可抑制蛋白激酶B(Akt)激酶活性及Akt的活化,后者转而抑制NF-kB信号系统、降低DNA与NF-kB结合活性。因此,I3C可通过抑制Akt蛋白激酶家族,从而使NF-kB信号失活这一途径来诱导细胞的凋亡[7]。在人前列腺癌细胞株PC3,也可以见到I3C对Akt和NF-kB信号的抑制效应,而且通过此通路所诱发的细胞凋亡与p53基因无关[8]。有研究[9]表明I3C抗增殖效应在肺癌细胞及乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞之间存在着一定的差别,原因可能在于乳腺和前列腺细胞的激素反应性存在着差异。
4 I3C影响DNA损伤修复
研究发现I3C可影响DNA损伤修复,其机制可能与雌激素受体2α(ER-α)有关, 也可能通过影响人类乳腺癌易感基因1(BRCA1)及其它在DNA损伤过程中发挥作用的蛋白质的表达。在三种乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7、T-47D和MDA-MB-231,I3C均可上调BRCA1蛋白的表达[10]从而抑制ER-α转录活性、抑制细胞增殖[11,12]。在三种乳腺癌细胞和前列腺癌细胞,被I3C上调的BRCA1表达可直接抑制ER-α转录激活功能因子2(AF-2)[13]。
5 抗新生血管生成和细胞的转移和侵润
研究表明I3C可抑制血管生成及通过上调肿瘤抑制基因PTEN和细胞间粘附调节子E-cadherin而抑制肿瘤细胞粘附、传播、侵袭生长[14]。当终浓度为5 μmol/L时,I3C可通过诱导G1期阻滞、下调CDK2和CDK6表达、上调CDK抑制基因p27Kip1等途径抑制培养的脐带中央静脉内皮细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及毛细血管生成等[15]。在雌激素受体阴性乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-468和雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7,I3C均可抑制细胞粘附、迁移和侵袭,这表明I3C也可抑制或降低肿瘤细胞的转移和侵润。
6 I3C可抑制某些雌激素依赖性的肿瘤
抗激素样活性激素水平与肿瘤发生密切相关,如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌和睾丸肿瘤等都与相应的激素有关。I3C使雌激素受体的代谢物浓度降低,这些作用均可降低雌激素对于某些富含雌激素受体的器官和组织刺激,使得I3C具有抗乳腺等组织肿瘤的活性[16]。I3C可以通过对细胞色素MELN的基因表达的影响,竞争性地作用于雌激素受体,从而抑制乳头状瘤病毒感染的子宫颈癌[17]。Thomas等[18]用100 μΜ I3C作用于 MCF-7细胞系,可以减少近60%ER-α mRNA的表达,说明I3C可以有效抑制MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞。有研究[19]表明其与他莫昔芬并用,可以协同提高大鼠乳腺肿瘤的预防效果。I3C可通过调节ERα的活性上调乳腺癌(MCF-7和T47D)和前列腺癌(LNCaP和DU145)中BRCA1和BRCA2基因,从而抑制肿瘤细胞[20,21]。而且,大量实验表明,除了ERα这种传统的雌激素受体外,ERβ受体与乳腺癌细胞增殖有着密切联系,其机制尚有争论,但作为乳腺癌预防药物新的靶点有重要意义[22]。
综上所述,I3C可以通过抑制致癌物-DNA加合物形成、诱导癌细胞G1期阻滞、诱发细胞凋亡而阻滞细胞生长、影响DNA损伤修复、抗新生血管生成和细胞的转移和侵润、抑制某些雌激素依赖性的肿瘤等方面发挥其抗肿瘤作用和功效。由此可见,I3C在抗肿瘤治疗方面存在着巨大的潜力,进来有实验[23]表明:用苯磺基或苯甲基代替I3C苯环上的氮原子后产生的一系列衍生物,其抗肿瘤能力可提高100倍,而且可在酸性环境下稳定存在。相信更深入的实验室和临床体内外的研究,将为I3C成为新一代抗肿瘤药物提供理论依据和实验基础。
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School of Radiation and Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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