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Abstract
Porous materials are formed from dispersed particles of various shapes. The porous structure of such materials is determined by the shape and nature of the packing of their structural units. As a model for the analysis of the structure of porous materials, model-packing units were selected in the form of spherical particles and fibers. Separately, the pore structure in foam-like regular porous materials was considered. It is shown that the pore volume in such packages grows with the reduction of the coordination number of the packed spherical particles. To study this regularity, the structural types of crystal lattices of various chemical substances were analyzed. Examples of such packages are most metallic elements and all inert gases, except for helium. These substances crystallize in simple structural types. All of them can be considered as packing of balls of identical radii. Such regularities are observed strictly up to the coordination number 4. With coordination number 3, a very openwork, loose package is formed. When forming mixed packages, the coordination number can have fractional values. A special group is represented by structures with coordination number <3. For such structures, an analysis of possible combinations of mixed structures with coordination numbers 3 and 2 was made. On the basis of the analysis of the porosity data for various types of packages of spherical particles, an empirical relationship is obtained between the binding porosity and the coordination number of the corresponding package: α = α∞ ' + B'/(n-n0). An analysis of this dependence showed that there is a certain critical value of the average coordination number by the structure in the disperse systems structures. Less than this value, there is no rigid structure of the framework of the material collected from individual particles. Below this coordination number, the particles are collected only into separate chain structures that are not related to each other, in which the coordination number is 2. The task of analyzing the packing of fibrous particles is much more complicated than this analysis for spherical particles. The article presents data of computer modeling of the formation of such structures. An attempt to model fibrous structures by analogy with an openwork packing of spherical particles has also been made. For this and other packing models, the corresponding empirical dependencies were obtained. Gel-like materials are characterized by openwork packing of particles that form gel. They have fractal and hierarchical nature of the structure. The value of the fractal dimension allows one to determine how the structure of the gel was organized. Analysis of the formation of possible structures in the sol-gel transition showed there is a limiting fractal dimension above which no other structure can be formed from a sol with given properties. This fractal dimension is the amount to which it tends to form a gel structure during the aggregation of the sol, and during the formation of the gel structure, after passing through the sol-gel transition point. The structure of foam-like regular porous materials was analyzed. This analysis showed that the state of foam with polyhedral cells is close to the equilibrium state, so these foams have greater stability than foams with spherical cells. Therefore, for the convenience of description, a cellular model based on existing regular polyhedra was applied to these materials. This model was the basis to calculate the dependence of the fraction of the solid phase in a porous foam-like solid material, constructed on cells having the form of various regular polyhedra. The densest structures are formed in the case of using tetrahedral and octahedral cells. The intermediate position is occupied by cubic cells representing a regular three-dimensional network of regular mutually perpendicular columns and bridge.




