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Abstract
Genetic improvement through breeding is one of the key approaches to increasing biomass supply. This paper documents the breeding progress to date for four perennial biomass crops (PBCs) that have high output–input energy ratios: namely Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), species of the genera Miscanthus (miscanthus), Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar). For each crop, we report on the size of germplasm collections, the efforts to date to phenotype and genotype, the diversity available for breeding and on the scale of breeding work as indicated by number of attempted crosses. We also report on the development of faster and more precise breeding using molecular breeding techniques. Poplar is the model tree for genetic studies and is furthest ahead in terms of biological knowledge and genetic resources. Linkage maps, transgenesis and genome editing methods are now being used in commercially focused poplar breeding. These are in development in switchgrass, miscanthus and willow generating large genetic and phenotypic data sets requiring concomitant efforts in informatics to create summaries that can be accessed and used by practical breeders. Cultivars of switchgrass and miscanthus can be seed-based synthetic populations, semihybrids or clones. Willow and poplar cultivars are commercially deployed as clones. At local and regional level, the most advanced cultivars in each crop are at technology readiness levels which could be scaled to planting rates of thousands of hectares per year in about 5 years with existing commercial developers. Investment in further development of better cultivars is subject to current market failure and the long breeding cycles. We conclude that sustained public investment in breeding plays a key role in delivering future mass-scale deployment of PBCs.
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1 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
2 Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
3 USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
4 Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
5 Lohne, Germany
6 Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York
7 SweTree Technologies AB, Umeå, Sweden; Institute of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
8 INRA-BIOFORA, Orléans, France
9 Department of Seed Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
10 Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection (IGFPP) of Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova
11 INRA-AgroImpact, Péronne cedex, France
12 Insitute of Miscanthus, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Changsha, China
13 Department of Crop Sciences & Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, 279 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
14 Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
15 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
16 Battersea, London, UK
17 Julius Kuhn-Institut (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut fur Kulturpflanzen, Braunschweig, Germany
18 Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
19 SweTree Technologies AB, Umeå, Sweden
20 Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute (TESRI), Nantou County, Taiwan
21 Department of Agronomy & The Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
22 Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Tjele, Denmark
23 Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
24 Department of Plant Sciences, Research Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
25 Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
26 Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota – Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
27 Energene sp. z o.o., Wrocław, Poland
28 James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
29 GreenWood Resources, Inc., Portland, Oregon
30 Hudson-Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
31 Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
32 The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
33 Field Science Centre for the Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
34 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 2, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
35 USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, Wisconsin