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The article discusses the need to create a unified engineering geology information database. Taking into consideration the fact that the stored information is found in a scattered way (paper, electronic, separate reports), its wider application is complicated. The given paper deals with the basic principles of creating a common database of engineering geology, as well as making reporting forms to facilitate the work of the geological engineer and to satisfy the need in geological information by various departments and specialists. To solve this problem the authors proposed the developed software module Geokonstruktor, which uses a modern computer technology for its efficient use. As a prototype, the software solution is offered that implements the interaction between the relational database and geological constructions that are implemented to use GIS and other popular products. The developed software module Geokonstruktor has become the solution of this kind. Currently, the software is widely used to maintain the database of potassium enterprises, which is a part of the single mining and geological information system of the subsoil usage.
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the need to create a unified engineering geology information database. Taking into consideration the fact that the stored information is found in a scattered way (paper, electronic, separate reports), its wider application is complicated. The given paper deals with the basic principles of creating a common database of engineering geology, as well as making reporting forms to facilitate the work of the geological engineer and to satisfy the need in geological information by various departments and specialists. To solve this problem the authors proposed the developed software module Geokonstruktor, which uses a modern computer technology for its efficient use. As a prototype, the software solution is offered that implements the interaction between the relational database and geological constructions that are implemented to use GIS and other popular products. The developed software module Geokonstruktor has become the solution of this kind. Currently, the software is widely used to maintain the database of potassium enterprises, which is a part of the single mining and geological information system of the subsoil usage.
Keywords: engineering geology, software database, urban area, GIS, engineering geological stock information
Introduction
One of the problems of engineering and geological software in the project activity is that the results of the executed engineering and geological prospecting are often stored in the paper or digital form as separate electronic reports, which is an obstacle to the wider application of this information for practical purposes. A great amount of engineering geological information was accumulated in previous years. For example, on the territory of the city of Perm, in its departmental stocks the data is stored which numbers about 60,000 geological wells drilled within the city boundaries. Putting this data together, we would be able to obtain the full picture of the geotechnical structure of the territory that could make it possible to accept the well-grounded decisions about the construction of buildings and structures, and the possible risks. This data is expected to meet the needs in geological information by various departments and specialists. The most demanded geological information resources are: geological structure of the territory, engineering geological conditions of areas and massifs (state and properties of rocks, hydro-geological conditions, evolution of engineering geological processes).
Methods of Research. The solution of the problem is achieved by means of geological informational mapping and maintenance of engineering geological information databases of the territory investigated according to the scenario indicated in [1].
The stages of such a database implementation are to be represented by a consistent synthesis of interdisciplinary research projects that are time-regulated. The data synthesis is to be carried out on the basis of the software products with the use of standard proto-cols allowing to import / export the data to the most popular exchange formats.
The necessity and possibility of applying geological informational systems in engineering geology was emphasized by S.V.Kozlovskiy, in his Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences thesis, speciality 25.00.08 - "Engineering geology, permafrost ..." , who developed the concept and testified the principles and methodology of creating GIS in engineering geology and showed that GIS is the most effective way of processing large volumes of engineering and geological information, and the use of GIS in the production process provides an optimal level of obtaining and employing engineering geological information when choosing the management methods of informational and intellectual potential [2].
The work of O. K. Mironov, A. A. Viktorov, K. I. Fesel "On the problems of conducting stock databases information" discusses the technological problems of creating and maintaining the database of engineering geological information on the basis of stock materials. The main conclusion of this work is the necessity of the mutual links between the database and geological constructions as well as the description of the practical implementation of the informational software for the project of the large-scale geological mapping of the megalopolis is given. In the work it is also emphasized the fact that currently a rather large amount of information has been accumulated in various geological and geotechnical information resources and for the effective data usage it is necessary to apply modern computer technologies, that is geological informational systems. The authorsalso pointed out a number of problems connected with using archival materials in the work.
The first attempts of creating a unified spatially-oriented database of engineering geological information in Perm were undertaken by the research collaborators of the Department of Engineering Geology and Protection of Earth`s Bowels by Marcel Shaimardanovich and Denis Marselyievich Dimukhamedovs who integrated and systematized the data stored in JSC "VerkhnekamTISIZ".
After that, the part of the work on the creation of the engineering and geological database in Perm was realized by the GIS-center of the PSNRU under the leadership of S.V. Pyankov. At the end of 2010, the Perm city administration concluded a municipal contract on the construction and replenishment of the informational system database "Engineering and geological prospecting". The deadline of the database work completion was 2010-2012. The purpose of the work was to create the database "Engineering and geological prospecting" and to replenish it with the data for further integration in the informational system for supplying the urban planning activities (ISOGD) [3]. The geological informational system Esri-ArcGis was used for establishing the database of the kind.
Discussions. The software of that type was suitable for the fulfillment of the tasks of informational cartographic modeling and solving problems of mapping, although it was poorly adjusted to constructing geological sections and modeling the depth variability of the area.
The software products, capable of solving complex problems both in terms of planning and in the section are required, as well as to make reporting forms for facilitating the work of the geologist-engineer.
The software for making an inventory of engineering and geological information is to possess the characteristics as follows:
1.Data storage and management of
a.field engineering geological information
b.laboratory research of the samples selected
2.Computation and control capabilities
a.input control of the initial data on the geological and chemical indicators
b.computation of statistic indicators according to the lithological types or groups
c.computation of geological indicators according to areas
d.computation of average weighted component contents according to the results of chemical tests of the samples selected
3.Representation of the results and conclusions
a. Construction of the geotechnical and geological columns
b. Construction of geological sections
c.Making maps
d.Complex graphs, generation of standard reporting forms and other documents
e.Data import/export to widely- known and used software products.
The software is to work with relational databases (for storage of qualitative and quantitative information), geological informational systems (for spatial positioning and spatial variability analysis) and with office apps for generating reporting forms.
The analysis of the software products possessed, which allow us to solve such problems, demonstrated that there is no software at present which would completely satisfy the requirements, or it is extremely expensive. The geologist-engineer has to use in the work several programs: Credo topoplane - for creating geodetic engineering plans of the areas, Credo geology - for making geological engineering maps, autocad - for constructing geotechnical columns and sections, Excel - for geotechnical element calculations, etc.
Results. The developed software module Geokonstruktor may be the prototype for the solution. Currently, it is widely used in making an inventory of the potassium enterprise database in Verhnekamskoe magnesium-potassium deposit and is considered to be a part of the unified geological mining information system of the Earth`s bowel usage. The data on the geotechnical conditions in the city of Perm hasn`t been collected and included into the database yet. Therefore, all the examples are illustrated on the existing database of potassium enterprises elaborated by the authors of the article. The software has been developed in the Visual Studio medium on the platform of the MS SQL Server database management system and represents a unified normalized database and a system of client places working as a distributed Windows application as an enterprise. There are no real limits of the number of records in the database tables. The system is integrated with MS Office applications (Excel, Word, Visio) and GIS-systems, and it makes easier to import and export the data to other software products. It is possible to adapt the software to access data by means of the Internet, which will allow you to scale the system to any desired level. The management and maintenance of such systems has to be performed by the state services or specialized organizations.
The relational database stores information in the form of the tables linked with each other, which is the significant advantage in comparison with the classic flat attributing table of the GIS layers. It allows you to contain the unfolding information about the depth structure at the point or polygon on the plan, which is not possible in the classical GIS when solving geological tasks.
The basic set of tools of the main form is represented by the control buttons, each of them calls a module out or a set of tables for viewing and inputting the data (Figure 1). In the absence of names, the rising promptings on the screen explain the designation of the buttons. Moreover, additional information (a district, a micro-district, a sampling scheme, a total capacity of the layers detailed, etc.) is displayed in the status line at the bottom of the open window.
Wells survey is a multifunctional visualization window of graphic selection of a well for the fulfillment of the following tasks:
* Display of the sampling data on the sub-base (Fig. 1).
* Search in the database
* Addition to slice
* Inclusion into middle column
* Creating selections for constructing isolines and making a new middle column according to the current coordinates of the view and the cursor
* Copying the cursor coordinates into the clipboard
* Digitizer for setting the middle column polygon coordinates
In the upper part of the window there are operating buttons for the view control: movement, option, scaling, filters according to the type of wells, addition and deletion of a sub-base. Shape files with the topographic basis of district boundaries can be used as a sub-base. The track to the files of the underlying file is saved on the user's local computer, and the next time the program starts, the graphic data automatically opens. The wells are displayed in accordance with the setting filter. There are several standard types of coloring points: by the type of mine workings (engineering geological, hydrogeological wells, pits), by chemical tests, by physical and mechanical properties, etc.
When the program starts, the data window opens, where you can specify the working area parameters. For example, for the territory of Perm they can be as follows:
* District, micro-district-active districts of Perm or a micro-district is displayed. The absence of the district or a micro-district is perceived by the program as the absence of this condition (filter)
* Sampling scheme - an active sampling scheme contains information about the rules of grouping soils and is computed as an average indicator.
* Coordinate system -an active coordinate system, that is necessary for the correct work in different coordinate systems and for the correct joint display of heterogeneous data.
The data table of wells related to the current district is below the field District.
This table contains the data related to the wells as a whole:
* - number of the well; Type - type of the well (is selected from the list); X, Y - the well coordinates, m; Zdp - absolute mark of the earth's surface, m; Zustya - absolute mark of the wellhead, m; Zaboya - absolute mark of the bottom hole, m; Depth - depth of drilling, m; Water - absolute mark of groundwater level, m; Year -date of drilling ( day, month, year); Location - description of the wellhead location.
When moving through the records of the well data table, the lower table displays detailed geological data of the current well:
* Rock - rock (is selected from the list). It specifies the hatching in the lithological column when it is constructed in Visio. The rock code is to match the style in the Visio template.
* Z, Zn - absolute marks of the roof and the soil of the stratum
* M - stratum capacity
* From, To- elevation interval
* Probe number - sample number
* Core - core output
* Core description - brief description of the core
* Starting weight, number of sections, final weight - sample data
* Pb, Zn, Cd, Be, P, Cr, Cu, Ni. , ... - average weighted content of chemical elements for assessing the engineering and environmental situation
* σсж, σр, Еупр, Dу, Mc, volumetric weight - characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of soils.
All the data selected is registered in the corresponding reference tables
In the software module, the mechanisms of the automatic construction of columns, sections, isolines are realized. The wells and gashes in the group of wells and an arbitrary profile is constructed automatically in the Visio program, as well as the construction of isolines of absolute marks, depths and distribution of other indicators, their export to standard formats of the geological informational systems.
It allows the user to select the necessary type and way of displaying the graphic information, the possibility of associating it with others, for example: cartographic data and export to other programs.
When constructing an engineering geological column, it is possible to select a group of data displayed on the column: geological structure, chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties, core photos. There is also the possibility of controlling the view of constructing :
* interval of absolute marks
* roof marks or layers soles, which will be conducted to the well section
* Use smart lines for constructing a column with the scaled lithological part and presentation of the results in tables (Figure 2)
* The mark and capacity of the stratum allows you to add the data about the marks and capacities into the scaled part of the column (is used with smart lines)
* vertical scale of the column
* Depth scale step.
The data work with the physical and mechanical properties of rocks is placed into a separate group of windows. We can have several samples for one layer and several samples prepared from one sample. It is worth noting that different laboratories, equipment and techniques provide a different set of measured physical and mechanical properties.
Pressing the F / M button of the property, the window opens with a list of samples (Fig. 3). The lower table displays a list of samples for the current sample with the test results. For the convenient insertion of the data from Excel, an alternative list view is provided.
The construction of geological sections in the software product is implemented by means of two methods.
The first method is the construction of geological sections through wells. When you click the Section button, the module opens for calculating and constructing geological sections. The name of the section is entitled and the wells are selected according to which it will be constructed. The wells are selected by means of the table, searching for a well either by its number, or through the control view (well survey window). The name of the section and the list of the wells are stored in the database.
The second method is the construction of a geological section with the help of an arbitrary profile, which may not pass directly through the wells. In this case, interpolation of the values happens and the geological cross-section is constructed on the basis of this data.
Vertical and horizontal scales are also specified when constructing a section. When hatching the strata, the alteration of the material composition and wedging out is taken into account. Additional parameters are able to regulate the replenishment of the section drawing.
When generating a geological section in Visio, the vertical scale is selected as the basic scale of the page. The automatic hatching of the setting rock stratum is carried out. Having specified different rocks in the wells, the boundary of the mineral composition change is created in one and the same stratum. If the part of the strata is absent, the calculated boundaries of wedging out are constructed within one of the columns (Fig. 4).
Export to GIS or tabular formats of both sample data and intermediate construction results is possible to realize, as well as to export the well data in the shape of 3D.
Conclusion. Software Designations is
* Storage and analysis of the structure and exploration data of the geological wells, hydro-geological and engineering geological wells data, including core sampling and special samples for studying chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties.
* Input control of initial data according to geological and chemical characteristics.
* Computations of statistical indicators according to the strata or groups of layers.
* Computations of geological indicators of the areas of particular interest to us.
* Complex graphic constructions, generation of standard reporting forms and other documents.
The program is designed to fulfill the tasks as follows:
1.Construction of engineering-geological columns in accordance with standard requirements.
2.Construction of geological sections in the group of wells and an arbitrary profile in accordance with the problems solved by engineering geologists and geophysicists.
3.Construction of isolines (isogypsum, isopachite, isodeapths, isoconcentration, other characteristics) according to the data of engineering geological drilling wells and testing soils.
4.Creation of layouts, fragments of which are prepared in different systems (a plan, a profile, a section, a gash, a sketch, a photograph, a table, a diagram, an explanatory note) for the generalization and justification of accepting decisions in various situations.
5.Calculation of the average weighted content of the component by the results of the chemical test data of the samples selected.
One of the advantages of the software solution proposed is that on the basis of the creating database in the system, it is possible to write various computation modules that will store the information in the database as initial data.
REFERENCES
[1]Mironov O.K., Viktorov A.A., Fesel K.I. On the problems of maintaining databases of stock Information, Geo-ecology. Engineering geology. Hydrogeology. Geocryology. Russia, vol. 5, pp.455-464, 2011.
[2]Kozlovsky S.V. Theory and practice of creating a geo-information system in engineering geology, The author's abstract of the dissertation of the Doctor of GeoMineralogical Science, Russia, 2010.
[3]Konoplev A.V., Kopylov I.S., Krasilnikov P.A., Kustov I.V. Geo-informational software of the system of geotechnical and geo-ecological safety of the city of Perm. Geo-information software for the spatial development of Perm krai, Perm, 2014.
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