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Introduction
Sunscreen agent of TiO2 and ZnO can potentially replace with hydroxyapatite (HAp); non toxicity calcium phosphate sources from commercial fishbones that effectively absorbs the UV region.1,2 Even the TiO2 and ZnO were utilized as sunscreen agent but they have known their toxicity level which are harmful and affecting the users for instance lead to skin cancer.3 HAp is commonly used as a filler or coating on damaged bone and implants in order to promote bone in-growth especially in orthopedic, dental, maxillofacial and biomedical applications and cosmetics.4,5 Bones known as white colour, brittle properties and cheaper source that provided abundance of HAp can turn into good carriers in sunscreen.6,7 It also a promising candidate for advanced sunscreens. Furthermore, its UV absorption limit can be tuned to absorb in the desired range from UVB (290-320 nm) to UVA (320-400 nm) by simply introducing a metal doping. Therefore, by doping the fish bone with proper element will initiate a huge potential of anodyne sunscreen agent as novel biomaterials and there was a study proved that iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) can widen UV range absorption compared to TiO2 and ZnO.8,9,10 It also help the local fishing industry especially in Terengganu (East Coast Malaysia) to manage waste disposal more wisely, improve their economic status and also preserve the environment.11
Methodology
Extraction of Raw Materials
The fish bones were weighed with a mass of approximately 90 g using analytical balance before the addition of alkaline solution. The fish bones were then divided into three beakers which contained of water, iron chloride (98 %, Merck) and manganese chloride (98 %, Merck). Each of the sample in the beaker was heated at 70°C for three hours and stirred. 30 mL of 1.0 M of ammonium hydroxide was added into the solution of FeCl2 and MnCl2 to reduce the acidity of solution until pH meter indicating 8.0 pH. The fish bones were dried again an overnight in oven and calcined at 900°C for three hours in a furnace. The sample was then re-weighed with analytical balance to detect the potential mass loss from the evaporation process occurred. The calcined bones were converted by grinding into powder form with high-energy ball...