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The present study intended to develop an Urdu version of the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ; Olweus, 1996) for Pakistani school children. The translation process mainly followed forward/backward translation, cognitive debriefing and expert review, this also included brief qualitative investigation to explore the most suitable 'contextual framework' of 'bullying' in Urdu. A preliminary testing of OBVQ Urdu version with a bilingual sample (n = 36) yielded a significant correlation in scores of English and Urdu versions. The instrument's bi-factor structure (bullying and victimization) was evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 122). The convergent and divergent validity of OBVQ Urdu version was examined through Aggressive Behavior and Anxious/Depressed subscale of Child Behavior Checklist. The results provided a robust two-factor solution (Victimization and Bullying) with good internal reliability (α = .91) and adequate support to the construct validity of the Urdu version of OBVQ. In conclusion, Urdu version of the OBVQ is valid and reliable instrument for assessing elementary children's involvement in bullying/victimization. The study also triggers an argument on using the appropriate Urdu word for bullying.
Keywords. Bullying, OBVQ, Olweus bully victims, school children, Pakistan
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Bullying is a habitual and repeated behavior that is meant to impose domination over the weaker individual. Bullying behavior primarily revolves around coercion and intimidation by using a range of both direct and indirect forms of aggression. Direct forms of aggression may include physical (e.g., slapping, shoving, pushing, beating, snatching and damaging victim's property) and verbal (e.g., name-calling, shouting, abusing and insulting) acts of violence. Indirect forms involve gossiping, rumor spreading and socially rejecting the target (Beran & Lupart, 2009).
Most widely accepted definition of bullying had been offered by Olweus (1993) who initiated the empirical investigation of the phenomenon (Olweus, 1978). He described bullying as an intentional, recurring exposure to negative actions, performed by an individual or a group, perceived to be more powerful and stronger than the victim. In addition to the conventional features (harm, intentionality, repetition and power imbalance), Rigby added that bullying is also characterized by "Enjoyment by the aggressor and generally a sense of being oppressed on the part of the victim" (Rigby, 2002, p. 51).
Recently, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) has described bullying as...