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Summary
Nurses are increasingly involved in research, particularly qualitative research. This article aims to prepare nurses for conducting semi-structured research interviews.
Keywords
Interviews and interviewing; Qualitative research; Semi-structured interviews
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NURSES ARE NOW able to undertake a range of post-qualification programmes, many of which include a research component. They are also increasingly involved in clinically based research. Emphasis is frequently placed on methodology, including the data collection tools that are used such as interviewing. However, the practical organisation and implementation of the research process do not always receive the same attention. Nurses may find they are conducting interviews with patients or service users who are in a vulnerable position, but who can provide insight into experiences that will enhance the provision of quality care. It is, therefore, crucial that nurses practise their interviewing skills and adopt a reflexive approach to interviewing.
Reflexivity
Koch and Harrington ( 1998) suggest that reflexivity enables self-examination, which, in turn means that the '... values, assumptions, prejudice and influence of the researcher must therefore be acknowledged' (Hand 2003). Hand (2003) highlights the need for a reflexive approach to the interview process. Spencer et al (2003 ) identify three components of reflexivity ( Box 1 ).
A number of authors have provided reflexive insights into their research (Bannister 1999, Chesney 2000, Clarke 2006), suggesting that it should be incorporated into all stages of the research process. Hand (2003 ) states that a reflexive approach aids the auditability of qualitative research, which is necessary to demonstrate rigour (Sandelowski 1993).
Novice interviewer It is imperative that researchers acknowledge their limitations and bias and that they strive to achieve the knowledge and skills that are required to do this (Treece and Treece 1986). It is important to take advantage of any available expert advice and support - this is essential for the novice (Loera 2006).
Interviews as a research tool
Polit and Beck (2006) define an interview as: 'A method of data collection in which one person...