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The game of chess is divided into three parts-the opening, middle game, and the end game [4]. A construction project implies a finite life cycle [2] that consists of three major phases that are comparable to a game of chess: mobilization (opening game); execution (middle game); and the demobilization and project close-out phase, or the end game. Detailed planning has always been an important element in the successful mobilization and execution phases of a project. However, the demobilization and project close-out phase, particularly on short-term projects, is often underemphasized.
The objective of chess is to minimize risk and to win [4]. To "win" a project requires planning, which is essential to avoid losing at project completion. This article outlines the planning elements and the project controls tools used for successful demobilization and project close-out. The coordination, monitoring, and timely execution of these planning elements will result in the successful completion of a project. Examples are drawn from four projects to illustrate both successes and difficulties encountered with demobilization and project close-out.
The chess end game "requires a storehouse of . . . knowledge (which) is really the solid groundwork of foresight, the prime requisite of planning" [4]. Similarly, "management should start planning project close-out activities the day the notice of award is received. A prompt and efficient close-out is financially beneficial to all parties on the project" [6]. Often, demobilization and project close-out are shown as a single span of time (or a "stream-of-consciousness" item) on the initial project schedule. In the early planning phases, it may only be practical to out tasks. However, as the project progresses, further planning and definition of the project's completion phase become more important. Timing for the more detailed planning varies with the length and type of project. A fixed price or lumpsum project requires detailed close-out planning before the project execution phase. For example, on a fixed-price, fasttrack (with concurrent design and construction) project, demobilization and close-out had to be accomplished in a timely and orderly fashion to avoid affecting the project's profitability. Before mobilization, a target demobilization date was established to complete the planned scope of work. After site demobilization, a planned date to complete all deliverables and close all project labor accounts was established.
Traditional and...